/**
 * Compiler implementation of the
 * $(LINK2 http://www.dlang.org, D programming language).
 *
 * Copyright:   Copyright (C) 1999-2018 by The D Language Foundation, All Rights Reserved
 * Authors:     $(LINK2 http://www.digitalmars.com, Walter Bright)
 * License:     $(LINK2 http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt, Boost License 1.0)
 * Source:      $(LINK2 https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/src/dmd/expressionsem.d, _expressionsem.d)
 * Documentation:  https://dlang.org/phobos/dmd_expressionsem.html
 * Coverage:    https://codecov.io/gh/dlang/dmd/src/master/src/dmd/expressionsem.d
 */

module dmd.expressionsem;

import core.stdc.stdio;

import dmd.access;
import dmd.aggregate;
import dmd.aliasthis;
import dmd.arrayop;
import dmd.arraytypes;
import dmd.attrib;
import dmd.astcodegen;
import dmd.canthrow;
import dmd.ctorflow;
import dmd.dscope;
import dmd.dsymbol;
import dmd.declaration;
import dmd.dclass;
import dmd.dcast;
import dmd.delegatize;
import dmd.denum;
import dmd.dimport;
import dmd.dinterpret;
import dmd.dmangle;
import dmd.dmodule;
import dmd.dstruct;
import dmd.dsymbolsem;
import dmd.dtemplate;
import dmd.errors;
import dmd.escape;
import dmd.expression;
import dmd.func;
import dmd.globals;
import dmd.hdrgen;
import dmd.id;
import dmd.identifier;
import dmd.imphint;
import dmd.inline;
import dmd.intrange;
import dmd.mtype;
import dmd.nspace;
import dmd.opover;
import dmd.optimize;
import dmd.parse;
import dmd.root.ctfloat;
import dmd.root.file;
import dmd.root.filename;
import dmd.root.outbuffer;
import dmd.root.rootobject;
import dmd.semantic2;
import dmd.semantic3;
import dmd.sideeffect;
import dmd.safe;
import dmd.target;
import dmd.tokens;
import dmd.traits;
import dmd.typesem;
import dmd.typinf;
import dmd.utf;
import dmd.utils;
import dmd.visitor;

enum LOGSEMANTIC = false;

/********************************************************
 * Perform semantic analysis and CTFE on expressions to produce
 * a string.
 * Params:
 *      buf = append generated string to buffer
 *      sc = context
 *      exps = array of Expressions
 * Returns:
 *      true on error
 */
bool expressionsToString(ref OutBuffer buf, Scope* sc, Expressions* exps)
{
    if (!exps)
        return false;

    foreach (ex; *exps)
    {
        if (!ex)
            continue;
        auto sc2 = sc.startCTFE();
        auto e2 = ex.expressionSemantic(sc2);
        auto e3 = resolveProperties(sc2, e2);
        sc2.endCTFE();

        // allowed to contain types as well as expressions
        auto e4 = ctfeInterpretForPragmaMsg(e3);
        if (e4.op == TOK.error)
            return true;

        StringExp se = e4.toStringExp();
        if (se)
            buf.writestring(se.toUTF8(sc).peekSlice());
        else
            buf.writestring(e4.toString());
    }
    return false;
}


/***********************************************************
 * Resolve `exp` as a compile-time known string.
 * Params:
 *  sc  = scope
 *  exp = Expression which expected as a string
 *  s   = What the string is expected for, will be used in error diagnostic.
 * Returns:
 *  String literal, or `null` if error happens.
 */
StringExp semanticString(Scope *sc, Expression exp, const char* s)
{
    sc = sc.startCTFE();
    exp = exp.expressionSemantic(sc);
    exp = resolveProperties(sc, exp);
    sc = sc.endCTFE();

    if (exp.op == TOK.error)
        return null;

    auto e = exp;
    if (exp.type.isString())
    {
        e = e.ctfeInterpret();
        if (e.op == TOK.error)
            return null;
    }

    auto se = e.toStringExp();
    if (!se)
    {
        exp.error("`string` expected for %s, not `(%s)` of type `%s`",
            s, exp.toChars(), exp.type.toChars());
        return null;
    }
    return se;
}

private Expression extractOpDollarSideEffect(Scope* sc, UnaExp ue)
{
    Expression e0;
    Expression e1 = Expression.extractLast(ue.e1, e0);
    // https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=12585
    // Extract the side effect part if ue.e1 is comma.

    if (!isTrivialExp(e1))
    {
        /* Even if opDollar is needed, 'e1' should be evaluate only once. So
         * Rewrite:
         *      e1.opIndex( ... use of $ ... )
         *      e1.opSlice( ... use of $ ... )
         * as:
         *      (ref __dop = e1, __dop).opIndex( ... __dop.opDollar ...)
         *      (ref __dop = e1, __dop).opSlice( ... __dop.opDollar ...)
         */
        e1 = extractSideEffect(sc, "__dop", e0, e1, false);
        assert(e1.op == TOK.variable);
        VarExp ve = cast(VarExp)e1;
        ve.var.storage_class |= STC.exptemp;     // lifetime limited to expression
    }
    ue.e1 = e1;
    return e0;
}

/**************************************
 * Runs semantic on ae.arguments. Declares temporary variables
 * if '$' was used.
 */
Expression resolveOpDollar(Scope* sc, ArrayExp ae, Expression* pe0)
{
    assert(!ae.lengthVar);
    *pe0 = null;
    AggregateDeclaration ad = isAggregate(ae.e1.type);
    Dsymbol slice = search_function(ad, Id.slice);
    //printf("slice = %s %s\n", slice.kind(), slice.toChars());
    foreach (i, e; *ae.arguments)
    {
        if (i == 0)
            *pe0 = extractOpDollarSideEffect(sc, ae);

        if (e.op == TOK.interval && !(slice && slice.isTemplateDeclaration()))
        {
        Lfallback:
            if (ae.arguments.dim == 1)
                return null;
            ae.error("multi-dimensional slicing requires template `opSlice`");
            return new ErrorExp();
        }
        //printf("[%d] e = %s\n", i, e.toChars());

        // Create scope for '$' variable for this dimension
        auto sym = new ArrayScopeSymbol(sc, ae);
        sym.loc = ae.loc;
        sym.parent = sc.scopesym;
        sc = sc.push(sym);
        ae.lengthVar = null; // Create it only if required
        ae.currentDimension = i; // Dimension for $, if required

        e = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
        e = resolveProperties(sc, e);

        if (ae.lengthVar && sc.func)
        {
            // If $ was used, declare it now
            Expression de = new DeclarationExp(ae.loc, ae.lengthVar);
            de = de.expressionSemantic(sc);
            *pe0 = Expression.combine(*pe0, de);
        }
        sc = sc.pop();

        if (e.op == TOK.interval)
        {
            IntervalExp ie = cast(IntervalExp)e;

            auto tiargs = new Objects();
            Expression edim = new IntegerExp(ae.loc, i, Type.tsize_t);
            edim = edim.expressionSemantic(sc);
            tiargs.push(edim);

            auto fargs = new Expressions();
            fargs.push(ie.lwr);
            fargs.push(ie.upr);

            uint xerrors = global.startGagging();
            sc = sc.push();
            FuncDeclaration fslice = resolveFuncCall(ae.loc, sc, slice, tiargs, ae.e1.type, fargs, 1);
            sc = sc.pop();
            global.endGagging(xerrors);
            if (!fslice)
                goto Lfallback;

            e = new DotTemplateInstanceExp(ae.loc, ae.e1, slice.ident, tiargs);
            e = new CallExp(ae.loc, e, fargs);
            e = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
        }

        if (!e.type)
        {
            ae.error("`%s` has no value", e.toChars());
            e = new ErrorExp();
        }
        if (e.op == TOK.error)
            return e;

        (*ae.arguments)[i] = e;
    }
    return ae;
}

/**************************************
 * Runs semantic on se.lwr and se.upr. Declares a temporary variable
 * if '$' was used.
 */
Expression resolveOpDollar(Scope* sc, ArrayExp ae, IntervalExp ie, Expression* pe0)
{
    //assert(!ae.lengthVar);
    if (!ie)
        return ae;

    VarDeclaration lengthVar = ae.lengthVar;

    // create scope for '$'
    auto sym = new ArrayScopeSymbol(sc, ae);
    sym.loc = ae.loc;
    sym.parent = sc.scopesym;
    sc = sc.push(sym);

    foreach (i; 0 .. 2)
    {
        Expression e = i == 0 ? ie.lwr : ie.upr;
        e = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
        e = resolveProperties(sc, e);
        if (!e.type)
        {
            ae.error("`%s` has no value", e.toChars());
            return new ErrorExp();
        }
        (i == 0 ? ie.lwr : ie.upr) = e;
    }

    if (lengthVar != ae.lengthVar && sc.func)
    {
        // If $ was used, declare it now
        Expression de = new DeclarationExp(ae.loc, ae.lengthVar);
        de = de.expressionSemantic(sc);
        *pe0 = Expression.combine(*pe0, de);
    }

    sc = sc.pop();

    return ae;
}

/******************************
 * Perform semantic() on an array of Expressions.
 */
extern (C++) bool arrayExpressionSemantic(Expressions* exps, Scope* sc, bool preserveErrors = false)
{
    bool err = false;
    if (exps)
    {
        foreach (ref e; *exps)
        {
            if (e)
            {
                auto e2 = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
                if (e2.op == TOK.error)
                    err = true;
                if (preserveErrors || e2.op != TOK.error)
                    e = e2;
            }
        }
    }
    return err;
}

/******************************
 * Check the tail CallExp is really property function call.
 * Bugs:
 * This doesn't appear to do anything.
 */
private bool checkPropertyCall(Expression e)
{
    e = lastComma(e);

    if (e.op == TOK.call)
    {
        CallExp ce = cast(CallExp)e;
        TypeFunction tf;
        if (ce.f)
        {
            tf = cast(TypeFunction)ce.f.type;
            /* If a forward reference to ce.f, try to resolve it
             */
            if (!tf.deco && ce.f.semanticRun < PASS.semanticdone)
            {
                ce.f.dsymbolSemantic(null);
                tf = cast(TypeFunction)ce.f.type;
            }
        }
        else if (ce.e1.type.ty == Tfunction)
            tf = cast(TypeFunction)ce.e1.type;
        else if (ce.e1.type.ty == Tdelegate)
            tf = cast(TypeFunction)ce.e1.type.nextOf();
        else if (ce.e1.type.ty == Tpointer && ce.e1.type.nextOf().ty == Tfunction)
            tf = cast(TypeFunction)ce.e1.type.nextOf();
        else
            assert(0);
    }
    return false;
}

/******************************
 * Find symbol in accordance with the UFCS name look up rule
 */
private Expression searchUFCS(Scope* sc, UnaExp ue, Identifier ident)
{
    //printf("searchUFCS(ident = %s)\n", ident.toChars());
    Loc loc = ue.loc;

    // TODO: merge with Scope.search.searchScopes()
    Dsymbol searchScopes(int flags)
    {
        Dsymbol s = null;
        for (Scope* scx = sc; scx; scx = scx.enclosing)
        {
            if (!scx.scopesym)
                continue;
            if (scx.scopesym.isModule())
                flags |= SearchUnqualifiedModule;    // tell Module.search() that SearchLocalsOnly is to be obeyed
            s = scx.scopesym.search(loc, ident, flags);
            if (s)
            {
                // overload set contains only module scope symbols.
                if (s.isOverloadSet())
                    break;
                // selective/renamed imports also be picked up
                if (AliasDeclaration ad = s.isAliasDeclaration())
                {
                    if (ad._import)
                        break;
                }
                // See only module scope symbols for UFCS target.
                Dsymbol p = s.toParent2();
                if (p && p.isModule())
                    break;
            }
            s = null;

            // Stop when we hit a module, but keep going if that is not just under the global scope
            if (scx.scopesym.isModule() && !(scx.enclosing && !scx.enclosing.enclosing))
                break;
        }
        return s;
    }

    int flags = 0;
    Dsymbol s;

    if (sc.flags & SCOPE.ignoresymbolvisibility)
        flags |= IgnoreSymbolVisibility;

    Dsymbol sold = void;
    if (global.params.bug10378 || global.params.check10378)
    {
        sold = searchScopes(flags | IgnoreSymbolVisibility);
        if (!global.params.check10378)
        {
            s = sold;
            goto Lsearchdone;
        }
    }

    // First look in local scopes
    s = searchScopes(flags | SearchLocalsOnly);
    if (!s)
    {
        // Second look in imported modules
        s = searchScopes(flags | SearchImportsOnly);

        /** Still find private symbols, so that symbols that weren't access
         * checked by the compiler remain usable.  Once the deprecation is over,
         * this should be moved to search_correct instead.
         */
        if (!s && !(flags & IgnoreSymbolVisibility))
        {
            s = searchScopes(flags | SearchLocalsOnly | IgnoreSymbolVisibility);
            if (!s)
                s = searchScopes(flags | SearchImportsOnly | IgnoreSymbolVisibility);

            if (s)
                .deprecation(loc, "`%s` is not visible from module `%s`", s.toPrettyChars(), sc._module.toChars());
        }
    }
    if (global.params.check10378)
    {
        alias snew = s;
        if (sold !is snew)
            Scope.deprecation10378(loc, sold, snew);
        if (global.params.bug10378)
            s = sold;
    }
Lsearchdone:

    if (!s)
        return ue.e1.type.Type.getProperty(loc, ident, 0);

    FuncDeclaration f = s.isFuncDeclaration();
    if (f)
    {
        TemplateDeclaration td = getFuncTemplateDecl(f);
        if (td)
        {
            if (td.overroot)
                td = td.overroot;
            s = td;
        }
    }

    if (ue.op == TOK.dotTemplateInstance)
    {
        DotTemplateInstanceExp dti = cast(DotTemplateInstanceExp)ue;
        auto ti = new TemplateInstance(loc, s.ident, dti.ti.tiargs);
        if (!ti.updateTempDecl(sc, s))
            return new ErrorExp();
        return new ScopeExp(loc, ti);
    }
    else
    {
        //printf("-searchUFCS() %s\n", s.toChars());
        return new DsymbolExp(loc, s);
    }
}

/******************************
 * Pull out callable entity with UFCS.
 */
private Expression resolveUFCS(Scope* sc, CallExp ce)
{
    Loc loc = ce.loc;
    Expression eleft;
    Expression e;

    if (ce.e1.op == TOK.dotIdentifier)
    {
        DotIdExp die = cast(DotIdExp)ce.e1;
        Identifier ident = die.ident;

        Expression ex = die.semanticX(sc);
        if (ex != die)
        {
            ce.e1 = ex;
            return null;
        }
        eleft = die.e1;

        Type t = eleft.type.toBasetype();
        if (t.ty == Tarray || t.ty == Tsarray || t.ty == Tnull || (t.isTypeBasic() && t.ty != Tvoid))
        {
            /* Built-in types and arrays have no callable properties, so do shortcut.
             * It is necessary in: e.init()
             */
        }
        else if (t.ty == Taarray)
        {
            if (ident == Id.remove)
            {
                /* Transform:
                 *  aa.remove(arg) into delete aa[arg]
                 */
                if (!ce.arguments || ce.arguments.dim != 1)
                {
                    ce.error("expected key as argument to `aa.remove()`");
                    return new ErrorExp();
                }
                if (!eleft.type.isMutable())
                {
                    ce.error("cannot remove key from `%s` associative array `%s`", MODtoChars(t.mod), eleft.toChars());
                    return new ErrorExp();
                }
                Expression key = (*ce.arguments)[0];
                key = key.expressionSemantic(sc);
                key = resolveProperties(sc, key);

                TypeAArray taa = cast(TypeAArray)t;
                key = key.implicitCastTo(sc, taa.index);

                if (key.checkValue())
                    return new ErrorExp();

                semanticTypeInfo(sc, taa.index);

                return new RemoveExp(loc, eleft, key);
            }
        }
        else
        {
            // even opDispatch and ufcs must have valid arguments.
            if (arrayExpressionSemantic(ce.arguments, sc))
                return new ErrorExp();

            if (Expression ey = die.semanticY(sc, 1))
            {
                if (ey.op == TOK.error)
                    return ey;
                ce.e1 = ey;
                if (isDotOpDispatch(ey))
                {
                    uint errors = global.startGagging();
                    e = ce.syntaxCopy().expressionSemantic(sc);
                    if (!global.endGagging(errors))
                        return e;
                    /* fall down to UFCS */
                }
                else
                    return null;
            }
        }

        /* https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=13953
         *
         * If a struct has an alias this to an associative array
         * and remove is used on a struct instance, we have to
         * check first if there is a remove function that can be called
         * on the struct. If not we must check the alias this.
         *
         * struct A
         * {
         *      string[string] a;
         *      alias a this;
         * }
         *
         * void fun()
         * {
         *      A s;
         *      s.remove("foo");
         * }
         */
        const errors = global.startGagging();
        e = searchUFCS(sc, die, ident);
        // if there were any errors and the identifier was remove
        if (global.endGagging(errors))
        {
            if (ident == Id.remove)
            {
                // check alias this
                Expression alias_e = resolveAliasThis(sc, die.e1, 1);
                if (alias_e && alias_e != die.e1)
                {
                    die.e1 = alias_e;
                    CallExp ce2 = cast(CallExp)ce.syntaxCopy();
                    ce2.e1 = die;
                    e = cast(CallExp)ce2.trySemantic(sc);
                    if (e)
                        return e;
                }
            }
            // if alias this did not work out, print the initial errors
            searchUFCS(sc, die, ident);
        }
    }
    else if (ce.e1.op == TOK.dotTemplateInstance)
    {
        DotTemplateInstanceExp dti = cast(DotTemplateInstanceExp)ce.e1;
        if (Expression ey = dti.semanticY(sc, 1))
        {
            ce.e1 = ey;
            return null;
        }
        eleft = dti.e1;
        e = searchUFCS(sc, dti, dti.ti.name);
    }
    else
        return null;

    // Rewrite
    ce.e1 = e;
    if (!ce.arguments)
        ce.arguments = new Expressions();
    ce.arguments.shift(eleft);

    return null;
}

/******************************
 * Pull out property with UFCS.
 */
private Expression resolveUFCSProperties(Scope* sc, Expression e1, Expression e2 = null)
{
    Loc loc = e1.loc;
    Expression eleft;
    Expression e;

    if (e1.op == TOK.dotIdentifier)
    {
        DotIdExp die = cast(DotIdExp)e1;
        eleft = die.e1;
        e = searchUFCS(sc, die, die.ident);
    }
    else if (e1.op == TOK.dotTemplateInstance)
    {
        DotTemplateInstanceExp dti;
        dti = cast(DotTemplateInstanceExp)e1;
        eleft = dti.e1;
        e = searchUFCS(sc, dti, dti.ti.name);
    }
    else
        return null;

    if (e is null)
        return null;

    // Rewrite
    if (e2)
    {
        // run semantic without gagging
        e2 = e2.expressionSemantic(sc);

        /* f(e1) = e2
         */
        Expression ex = e.copy();
        auto a1 = new Expressions(1);
        (*a1)[0] = eleft;
        ex = new CallExp(loc, ex, a1);
        ex = ex.trySemantic(sc);

        /* f(e1, e2)
         */
        auto a2 = new Expressions(2);
        (*a2)[0] = eleft;
        (*a2)[1] = e2;
        e = new CallExp(loc, e, a2);
        if (ex)
        {
            // if fallback setter exists, gag errors
            e = e.trySemantic(sc);
            if (!e)
            {
                checkPropertyCall(ex);
                ex = new AssignExp(loc, ex, e2);
                return ex.expressionSemantic(sc);
            }
        }
        else
        {
            // strict setter prints errors if fails
            e = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
        }
        checkPropertyCall(e);
        return e;
    }
    else
    {
        /* f(e1)
         */
        auto arguments = new Expressions(1);
        (*arguments)[0] = eleft;
        e = new CallExp(loc, e, arguments);
        e = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
        checkPropertyCall(e);
        return e.expressionSemantic(sc);
    }
}

/******************************
 * If e1 is a property function (template), resolve it.
 */
Expression resolvePropertiesOnly(Scope* sc, Expression e1)
{
    //printf("e1 = %s %s\n", Token::toChars(e1.op), e1.toChars());
    OverloadSet os;
    FuncDeclaration fd;
    TemplateDeclaration td;

    if (e1.op == TOK.dot)
    {
        DotExp de = cast(DotExp)e1;
        if (de.e2.op == TOK.overloadSet)
        {
            os = (cast(OverExp)de.e2).vars;
            goto Los;
        }
    }
    else if (e1.op == TOK.overloadSet)
    {
        os = (cast(OverExp)e1).vars;
    Los:
        assert(os);
        foreach (s; os.a)
        {
            fd = s.isFuncDeclaration();
            td = s.isTemplateDeclaration();
            if (fd)
            {
                if ((cast(TypeFunction)fd.type).isproperty)
                    return resolveProperties(sc, e1);
            }
            else if (td && td.onemember && (fd = td.onemember.isFuncDeclaration()) !is null)
            {
                if ((cast(TypeFunction)fd.type).isproperty || (fd.storage_class2 & STC.property) || (td._scope.stc & STC.property))
                {
                    return resolveProperties(sc, e1);
                }
            }
        }
    }
    else if (e1.op == TOK.dotTemplateInstance)
    {
        DotTemplateInstanceExp dti = cast(DotTemplateInstanceExp)e1;
        if (dti.ti.tempdecl && (td = dti.ti.tempdecl.isTemplateDeclaration()) !is null)
            goto Ltd;
    }
    else if (e1.op == TOK.dotTemplateDeclaration)
    {
        td = (cast(DotTemplateExp)e1).td;
        goto Ltd;
    }
    else if (e1.op == TOK.scope_)
    {
        Dsymbol s = (cast(ScopeExp)e1).sds;
        TemplateInstance ti = s.isTemplateInstance();
        if (ti && !ti.semanticRun && ti.tempdecl)
        {
            if ((td = ti.tempdecl.isTemplateDeclaration()) !is null)
                goto Ltd;
        }
    }
    else if (e1.op == TOK.template_)
    {
        td = (cast(TemplateExp)e1).td;
    Ltd:
        assert(td);
        if (td.onemember && (fd = td.onemember.isFuncDeclaration()) !is null)
        {
            if ((cast(TypeFunction)fd.type).isproperty || (fd.storage_class2 & STC.property) || (td._scope.stc & STC.property))
            {
                return resolveProperties(sc, e1);
            }
        }
    }
    else if (e1.op == TOK.dotVariable && e1.type.ty == Tfunction)
    {
        DotVarExp dve = cast(DotVarExp)e1;
        fd = dve.var.isFuncDeclaration();
        goto Lfd;
    }
    else if (e1.op == TOK.variable && e1.type && e1.type.ty == Tfunction && (sc.intypeof || !(cast(VarExp)e1).var.needThis()))
    {
        fd = (cast(VarExp)e1).var.isFuncDeclaration();
    Lfd:
        assert(fd);
        if ((cast(TypeFunction)fd.type).isproperty)
            return resolveProperties(sc, e1);
    }
    return e1;
}

/****************************************
 * Turn symbol `s` into the expression it represents.
 *
 * Params:
 *      s = symbol to resolve
 *      loc = location of use of `s`
 *      sc = context
 *      hasOverloads = applies if `s` represents a function.
 *          true means it's overloaded and will be resolved later,
 *          false means it's the exact function symbol.
 * Returns:
 *      `s` turned into an expression, `ErrorExp` if an error occurred
 */
Expression symbolToExp(Dsymbol s, const ref Loc loc, Scope *sc, bool hasOverloads)
{
    static if (LOGSEMANTIC)
    {
        printf("DsymbolExp::resolve(%s %s)\n", s.kind(), s.toChars());
    }

Lagain:
    Expression e;

    //printf("DsymbolExp:: %p '%s' is a symbol\n", this, toChars());
    //printf("s = '%s', s.kind = '%s'\n", s.toChars(), s.kind());
    Dsymbol olds = s;
    Declaration d = s.isDeclaration();
    if (d && (d.storage_class & STC.templateparameter))
    {
        s = s.toAlias();
    }
    else
    {
        if (!s.isFuncDeclaration()) // functions are checked after overloading
        {
            s.checkDeprecated(loc, sc);
            if (d)
                d.checkDisabled(loc, sc);
        }

        // https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=12023
        // if 's' is a tuple variable, the tuple is returned.
        s = s.toAlias();

        //printf("s = '%s', s.kind = '%s', s.needThis() = %p\n", s.toChars(), s.kind(), s.needThis());
        if (s != olds && !s.isFuncDeclaration())
        {
            s.checkDeprecated(loc, sc);
            if (d)
                d.checkDisabled(loc, sc);
        }
    }

    if (auto em = s.isEnumMember())
    {
        return em.getVarExp(loc, sc);
    }
    if (auto v = s.isVarDeclaration())
    {
        //printf("Identifier '%s' is a variable, type '%s'\n", s.toChars(), v.type.toChars());
        if (!v.type ||                  // during variable type inference
            !v.type.deco && v.inuse)    // during variable type semantic
        {
            if (v.inuse)    // variable type depends on the variable itself
                error(loc, "circular reference to %s `%s`", v.kind(), v.toPrettyChars());
            else            // variable type cannot be determined
                error(loc, "forward reference to %s `%s`", v.kind(), v.toPrettyChars());
            return new ErrorExp();
        }
        if (v.type.ty == Terror)
            return new ErrorExp();

        if ((v.storage_class & STC.manifest) && v._init)
        {
            if (v.inuse)
            {
                error(loc, "circular initialization of %s `%s`", v.kind(), v.toPrettyChars());
                return new ErrorExp();
            }
            e = v.expandInitializer(loc);
            v.inuse++;
            e = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
            v.inuse--;
            return e;
        }

        // Change the ancestor lambdas to delegate before hasThis(sc) call.
        if (v.checkNestedReference(sc, loc))
            return new ErrorExp();

        if (v.needThis() && hasThis(sc))
            e = new DotVarExp(loc, new ThisExp(loc), v);
        else
            e = new VarExp(loc, v);
        e = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
        return e;
    }
    if (auto fld = s.isFuncLiteralDeclaration())
    {
        //printf("'%s' is a function literal\n", fld.toChars());
        e = new FuncExp(loc, fld);
        return e.expressionSemantic(sc);
    }
    if (auto f = s.isFuncDeclaration())
    {
        f = f.toAliasFunc();
        if (!f.functionSemantic())
            return new ErrorExp();

        if (!hasOverloads && f.checkForwardRef(loc))
            return new ErrorExp();

        auto fd = s.isFuncDeclaration();
        fd.type = f.type;
        return new VarExp(loc, fd, hasOverloads);
    }
    if (OverDeclaration od = s.isOverDeclaration())
    {
        e = new VarExp(loc, od, true);
        e.type = Type.tvoid;
        return e;
    }
    if (OverloadSet o = s.isOverloadSet())
    {
        //printf("'%s' is an overload set\n", o.toChars());
        return new OverExp(loc, o);
    }

    if (Import imp = s.isImport())
    {
        if (!imp.pkg)
        {
            .error(loc, "forward reference of import `%s`", imp.toChars());
            return new ErrorExp();
        }
        auto ie = new ScopeExp(loc, imp.pkg);
        return ie.expressionSemantic(sc);
    }
    if (Package pkg = s.isPackage())
    {
        auto ie = new ScopeExp(loc, pkg);
        return ie.expressionSemantic(sc);
    }
    if (Module mod = s.isModule())
    {
        auto ie = new ScopeExp(loc, mod);
        return ie.expressionSemantic(sc);
    }
    if (Nspace ns = s.isNspace())
    {
        auto ie = new ScopeExp(loc, ns);
        return ie.expressionSemantic(sc);
    }

    if (Type t = s.getType())
    {
        return (new TypeExp(loc, t)).expressionSemantic(sc);
    }

    if (TupleDeclaration tup = s.isTupleDeclaration())
    {
        if (tup.needThis() && hasThis(sc))
            e = new DotVarExp(loc, new ThisExp(loc), tup);
        else
            e = new TupleExp(loc, tup);
        e = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
        return e;
    }

    if (TemplateInstance ti = s.isTemplateInstance())
    {
        ti.dsymbolSemantic(sc);
        if (!ti.inst || ti.errors)
            return new ErrorExp();
        s = ti.toAlias();
        if (!s.isTemplateInstance())
            goto Lagain;
        e = new ScopeExp(loc, ti);
        e = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
        return e;
    }
    if (TemplateDeclaration td = s.isTemplateDeclaration())
    {
        Dsymbol p = td.toParent2();
        FuncDeclaration fdthis = hasThis(sc);
        AggregateDeclaration ad = p ? p.isAggregateDeclaration() : null;
        if (fdthis && ad && isAggregate(fdthis.vthis.type) == ad && (td._scope.stc & STC.static_) == 0)
        {
            e = new DotTemplateExp(loc, new ThisExp(loc), td);
        }
        else
            e = new TemplateExp(loc, td);
        e = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
        return e;
    }

    .error(loc, "%s `%s` is not a variable", s.kind(), s.toChars());
    return new ErrorExp();
}

/*************************************************************
 * Given var, get the
 * right `this` pointer if var is in an outer class, but our
 * existing `this` pointer is in an inner class.
 * Params:
 *      loc = location to use for error messages
 *      sc = context
 *      ad = struct or class we need the correct `this` for
 *      e1 = existing `this`
 *      var = the specific member of ad we're accessing
 *      flag = if true, return `null` instead of throwing an error
 * Returns:
 *      Expression representing the `this` for the var
 */
private Expression getRightThis(const ref Loc loc, Scope* sc, AggregateDeclaration ad, Expression e1, Declaration var, int flag = 0)
{
    //printf("\ngetRightThis(e1 = %s, ad = %s, var = %s)\n", e1.toChars(), ad.toChars(), var.toChars());
L1:
    Type t = e1.type.toBasetype();
    //printf("e1.type = %s, var.type = %s\n", e1.type.toChars(), var.type.toChars());

    if (e1.op == TOK.objcClassReference)
    {
        // We already have an Objective-C class reference, just use that as 'this'.
        return e1;
    }
    else if (ad && ad.isClassDeclaration && ad.isClassDeclaration.classKind == ClassKind.objc &&
             var.isFuncDeclaration && var.isFuncDeclaration.isStatic &&
             var.isFuncDeclaration.selector)
    {
        return new ObjcClassReferenceExp(e1.loc, cast(ClassDeclaration) ad);
    }

    /* If e1 is not the 'this' pointer for ad
     */
    if (ad &&
        !(t.ty == Tpointer && t.nextOf().ty == Tstruct && (cast(TypeStruct)t.nextOf()).sym == ad) &&
        !(t.ty == Tstruct && (cast(TypeStruct)t).sym == ad))
    {
        ClassDeclaration cd = ad.isClassDeclaration();
        ClassDeclaration tcd = t.isClassHandle();

        /* e1 is the right this if ad is a base class of e1
         */
        if (!cd || !tcd || !(tcd == cd || cd.isBaseOf(tcd, null)))
        {
            /* Only classes can be inner classes with an 'outer'
             * member pointing to the enclosing class instance
             */
            if (tcd && tcd.isNested())
            {
                /* e1 is the 'this' pointer for an inner class: tcd.
                 * Rewrite it as the 'this' pointer for the outer class.
                 */
                e1 = new DotVarExp(loc, e1, tcd.vthis);
                e1.type = tcd.vthis.type;
                e1.type = e1.type.addMod(t.mod);
                // Do not call ensureStaticLinkTo()
                //e1 = e1.semantic(sc);

                // Skip up over nested functions, and get the enclosing
                // class type.
                int n = 0;
                Dsymbol s;
                for (s = tcd.toParent(); s && s.isFuncDeclaration(); s = s.toParent())
                {
                    FuncDeclaration f = s.isFuncDeclaration();
                    if (f.vthis)
                    {
                        //printf("rewriting e1 to %s's this\n", f.toChars());
                        n++;
                        e1 = new VarExp(loc, f.vthis);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        e1.error("need `this` of type `%s` to access member `%s` from static function `%s`", ad.toChars(), var.toChars(), f.toChars());
                        e1 = new ErrorExp();
                        return e1;
                    }
                }
                if (s && s.isClassDeclaration())
                {
                    e1.type = s.isClassDeclaration().type;
                    e1.type = e1.type.addMod(t.mod);
                    if (n > 1)
                        e1 = e1.expressionSemantic(sc);
                }
                else
                    e1 = e1.expressionSemantic(sc);
                goto L1;
            }

            /* Can't find a path from e1 to ad
             */
            if (flag)
                return null;
            e1.error("`this` for `%s` needs to be type `%s` not type `%s`", var.toChars(), ad.toChars(), t.toChars());
            return new ErrorExp();
        }
    }
    return e1;
}

/***************************************
 * Pull out any properties.
 */
private Expression resolvePropertiesX(Scope* sc, Expression e1, Expression e2 = null)
{
    //printf("resolvePropertiesX, e1 = %s %s, e2 = %s\n", Token.toChars(e1.op), e1.toChars(), e2 ? e2.toChars() : null);
    Loc loc = e1.loc;

    OverloadSet os;
    Dsymbol s;
    Objects* tiargs;
    Type tthis;
    if (e1.op == TOK.dot)
    {
        DotExp de = cast(DotExp)e1;
        if (de.e2.op == TOK.overloadSet)
        {
            tiargs = null;
            tthis = de.e1.type;
            os = (cast(OverExp)de.e2).vars;
            goto Los;
        }
    }
    else if (e1.op == TOK.overloadSet)
    {
        tiargs = null;
        tthis = null;
        os = (cast(OverExp)e1).vars;
    Los:
        assert(os);
        FuncDeclaration fd = null;
        if (e2)
        {
            e2 = e2.expressionSemantic(sc);
            if (e2.op == TOK.error)
                return new ErrorExp();
            e2 = resolveProperties(sc, e2);

            Expressions a;
            a.push(e2);

            for (size_t i = 0; i < os.a.dim; i++)
            {
                FuncDeclaration f = resolveFuncCall(loc, sc, os.a[i], tiargs, tthis, &a, 1);
                if (f)
                {
                    if (f.errors)
                        return new ErrorExp();
                    fd = f;
                    assert(fd.type.ty == Tfunction);
                }
            }
            if (fd)
            {
                Expression e = new CallExp(loc, e1, e2);
                return e.expressionSemantic(sc);
            }
        }
        {
            for (size_t i = 0; i < os.a.dim; i++)
            {
                FuncDeclaration f = resolveFuncCall(loc, sc, os.a[i], tiargs, tthis, null, 1);
                if (f)
                {
                    if (f.errors)
                        return new ErrorExp();
                    fd = f;
                    assert(fd.type.ty == Tfunction);
                    TypeFunction tf = cast(TypeFunction)fd.type;
                    if (!tf.isref && e2)
                        goto Leproplvalue;
                }
            }
            if (fd)
            {
                Expression e = new CallExp(loc, e1);
                if (e2)
                    e = new AssignExp(loc, e, e2);
                return e.expressionSemantic(sc);
            }
        }
        if (e2)
            goto Leprop;
    }
    else if (e1.op == TOK.dotTemplateInstance)
    {
        DotTemplateInstanceExp dti = cast(DotTemplateInstanceExp)e1;
        if (!dti.findTempDecl(sc))
            goto Leprop;
        if (!dti.ti.semanticTiargs(sc))
            goto Leprop;
        tiargs = dti.ti.tiargs;
        tthis = dti.e1.type;
        if ((os = dti.ti.tempdecl.isOverloadSet()) !is null)
            goto Los;
        if ((s = dti.ti.tempdecl) !is null)
            goto Lfd;
    }
    else if (e1.op == TOK.dotTemplateDeclaration)
    {
        DotTemplateExp dte = cast(DotTemplateExp)e1;
        s = dte.td;
        tiargs = null;
        tthis = dte.e1.type;
        goto Lfd;
    }
    else if (e1.op == TOK.scope_)
    {
        s = (cast(ScopeExp)e1).sds;
        TemplateInstance ti = s.isTemplateInstance();
        if (ti && !ti.semanticRun && ti.tempdecl)
        {
            //assert(ti.needsTypeInference(sc));
            if (!ti.semanticTiargs(sc))
                goto Leprop;
            tiargs = ti.tiargs;
            tthis = null;
            if ((os = ti.tempdecl.isOverloadSet()) !is null)
                goto Los;
            if ((s = ti.tempdecl) !is null)
                goto Lfd;
        }
    }
    else if (e1.op == TOK.template_)
    {
        s = (cast(TemplateExp)e1).td;
        tiargs = null;
        tthis = null;
        goto Lfd;
    }
    else if (e1.op == TOK.dotVariable && e1.type && e1.type.toBasetype().ty == Tfunction)
    {
        DotVarExp dve = cast(DotVarExp)e1;
        s = dve.var.isFuncDeclaration();
        tiargs = null;
        tthis = dve.e1.type;
        goto Lfd;
    }
    else if (e1.op == TOK.variable && e1.type && e1.type.toBasetype().ty == Tfunction)
    {
        s = (cast(VarExp)e1).var.isFuncDeclaration();
        tiargs = null;
        tthis = null;
    Lfd:
        assert(s);
        if (e2)
        {
            e2 = e2.expressionSemantic(sc);
            if (e2.op == TOK.error)
                return new ErrorExp();
            e2 = resolveProperties(sc, e2);

            Expressions a;
            a.push(e2);

            FuncDeclaration fd = resolveFuncCall(loc, sc, s, tiargs, tthis, &a, 1);
            if (fd && fd.type)
            {
                if (fd.errors)
                    return new ErrorExp();
                assert(fd.type.ty == Tfunction);
                Expression e = new CallExp(loc, e1, e2);
                return e.expressionSemantic(sc);
            }
        }
        {
            FuncDeclaration fd = resolveFuncCall(loc, sc, s, tiargs, tthis, null, 1);
            if (fd && fd.type)
            {
                if (fd.errors)
                    return new ErrorExp();
                assert(fd.type.ty == Tfunction);
                TypeFunction tf = cast(TypeFunction)fd.type;
                if (!e2 || tf.isref)
                {
                    Expression e = new CallExp(loc, e1);
                    if (e2)
                        e = new AssignExp(loc, e, e2);
                    return e.expressionSemantic(sc);
                }
            }
        }
        if (FuncDeclaration fd = s.isFuncDeclaration())
        {
            // Keep better diagnostic message for invalid property usage of functions
            assert(fd.type.ty == Tfunction);
            Expression e = new CallExp(loc, e1, e2);
            return e.expressionSemantic(sc);
        }
        if (e2)
            goto Leprop;
    }
    if (e1.op == TOK.variable)
    {
        VarExp ve = cast(VarExp)e1;
        VarDeclaration v = ve.var.isVarDeclaration();
        if (v && ve.checkPurity(sc, v))
            return new ErrorExp();
    }
    if (e2)
        return null;

    if (e1.type && e1.op != TOK.type) // function type is not a property
    {
        /* Look for e1 being a lazy parameter; rewrite as delegate call
         */
        if (e1.op == TOK.variable)
        {
            VarExp ve = cast(VarExp)e1;
            if (ve.var.storage_class & STC.lazy_)
            {
                Expression e = new CallExp(loc, e1);
                return e.expressionSemantic(sc);
            }
        }
        else if (e1.op == TOK.dotVariable)
        {
            // Check for reading overlapped pointer field in @safe code.
            if (checkUnsafeAccess(sc, e1, true, true))
                return new ErrorExp();
        }
        else if (e1.op == TOK.dot)
        {
            e1.error("expression has no value");
            return new ErrorExp();
        }
        else if (e1.op == TOK.call)
        {
            CallExp ce = cast(CallExp)e1;
            // Check for reading overlapped pointer field in @safe code.
            if (checkUnsafeAccess(sc, ce.e1, true, true))
                return new ErrorExp();
        }
    }

    if (!e1.type)
    {
        error(loc, "cannot resolve type for %s", e1.toChars());
        e1 = new ErrorExp();
    }
    return e1;

Leprop:
    error(loc, "not a property %s", e1.toChars());
    return new ErrorExp();

Leproplvalue:
    error(loc, "%s is not an lvalue", e1.toChars());
    return new ErrorExp();
}

extern (C++) Expression resolveProperties(Scope* sc, Expression e)
{
    //printf("resolveProperties(%s)\n", e.toChars());
    e = resolvePropertiesX(sc, e);
    if (e.checkRightThis(sc))
        return new ErrorExp();
    return e;
}

/****************************************
 * The common type is determined by applying ?: to each pair.
 * Output:
 *      exps[]  properties resolved, implicitly cast to common type, rewritten in place
 *      *pt     if pt is not NULL, set to the common type
 * Returns:
 *      true    a semantic error was detected
 */
private bool arrayExpressionToCommonType(Scope* sc, Expressions* exps, Type* pt)
{
    /* Still have a problem with:
     *  ubyte[][] = [ cast(ubyte[])"hello", [1]];
     * which works if the array literal is initialized top down with the ubyte[][]
     * type, but fails with this function doing bottom up typing.
     */

    //printf("arrayExpressionToCommonType()\n");
    scope IntegerExp integerexp = new IntegerExp(0);
    scope CondExp condexp = new CondExp(Loc.initial, integerexp, null, null);

    Type t0 = null;
    Expression e0 = null;
    size_t j0 = ~0;

    for (size_t i = 0; i < exps.dim; i++)
    {
        Expression e = (*exps)[i];
        if (!e)
            continue;

        e = resolveProperties(sc, e);
        if (!e.type)
        {
            e.error("`%s` has no value", e.toChars());
            t0 = Type.terror;
            continue;
        }
        if (e.op == TOK.type)
        {
            e.checkValue(); // report an error "type T has no value"
            t0 = Type.terror;
            continue;
        }
        if (e.type.ty == Tvoid)
        {
            // void expressions do not concur to the determination of the common
            // type.
            continue;
        }
        if (checkNonAssignmentArrayOp(e))
        {
            t0 = Type.terror;
            continue;
        }

        e = doCopyOrMove(sc, e);

        if (t0 && !t0.equals(e.type))
        {
            /* This applies ?: to merge the types. It's backwards;
             * ?: should call this function to merge types.
             */
            condexp.type = null;
            condexp.e1 = e0;
            condexp.e2 = e;
            condexp.loc = e.loc;
            Expression ex = condexp.expressionSemantic(sc);
            if (ex.op == TOK.error)
                e = ex;
            else
            {
                (*exps)[j0] = condexp.e1;
                e = condexp.e2;
            }
        }
        j0 = i;
        e0 = e;
        t0 = e.type;
        if (e.op != TOK.error)
            (*exps)[i] = e;
    }

    if (!t0)
        t0 = Type.tvoid; // [] is typed as void[]
    else if (t0.ty != Terror)
    {
        for (size_t i = 0; i < exps.dim; i++)
        {
            Expression e = (*exps)[i];
            if (!e)
                continue;

            e = e.implicitCastTo(sc, t0);
            //assert(e.op != TOK.error);
            if (e.op == TOK.error)
            {
                /* https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=13024
                 * a workaround for the bug in typeMerge -
                 * it should paint e1 and e2 by deduced common type,
                 * but doesn't in this particular case.
                 */
                t0 = Type.terror;
                break;
            }
            (*exps)[i] = e;
        }
    }
    if (pt)
        *pt = t0;

    return (t0 == Type.terror);
}

private Expression opAssignToOp(const ref Loc loc, TOK op, Expression e1, Expression e2)
{
    Expression e;
    switch (op)
    {
    case TOK.addAssign:
        e = new AddExp(loc, e1, e2);
        break;

    case TOK.minAssign:
        e = new MinExp(loc, e1, e2);
        break;

    case TOK.mulAssign:
        e = new MulExp(loc, e1, e2);
        break;

    case TOK.divAssign:
        e = new DivExp(loc, e1, e2);
        break;

    case TOK.modAssign:
        e = new ModExp(loc, e1, e2);
        break;

    case TOK.andAssign:
        e = new AndExp(loc, e1, e2);
        break;

    case TOK.orAssign:
        e = new OrExp(loc, e1, e2);
        break;

    case TOK.xorAssign:
        e = new XorExp(loc, e1, e2);
        break;

    case TOK.leftShiftAssign:
        e = new ShlExp(loc, e1, e2);
        break;

    case TOK.rightShiftAssign:
        e = new ShrExp(loc, e1, e2);
        break;

    case TOK.unsignedRightShiftAssign:
        e = new UshrExp(loc, e1, e2);
        break;

    default:
        assert(0);
    }
    return e;
}

/*********************
 * Rewrite:
 *    array.length op= e2
 * as:
 *    array.length = array.length op e2
 * or:
 *    auto tmp = &array;
 *    (*tmp).length = (*tmp).length op e2
 */
private Expression rewriteOpAssign(BinExp exp)
{
    Expression e;

    assert(exp.e1.op == TOK.arrayLength);
    ArrayLengthExp ale = cast(ArrayLengthExp)exp.e1;
    if (ale.e1.op == TOK.variable)
    {
        e = opAssignToOp(exp.loc, exp.op, ale, exp.e2);
        e = new AssignExp(exp.loc, ale.syntaxCopy(), e);
    }
    else
    {
        /*    auto tmp = &array;
         *    (*tmp).length = (*tmp).length op e2
         */
        auto tmp = copyToTemp(0, "__arraylength", new AddrExp(ale.loc, ale.e1));

        Expression e1 = new ArrayLengthExp(ale.loc, new PtrExp(ale.loc, new VarExp(ale.loc, tmp)));
        Expression elvalue = e1.syntaxCopy();
        e = opAssignToOp(exp.loc, exp.op, e1, exp.e2);
        e = new AssignExp(exp.loc, elvalue, e);
        e = new CommaExp(exp.loc, new DeclarationExp(ale.loc, tmp), e);
    }
    return e;
}

/****************************************
 * Preprocess arguments to function.
 * Output:
 *      exps[]  tuples expanded, properties resolved, rewritten in place
 * Returns:
 *      true    a semantic error occurred
 */
private bool preFunctionParameters(Scope* sc, Expressions* exps)
{
    bool err = false;
    if (exps)
    {
        expandTuples(exps);

        for (size_t i = 0; i < exps.dim; i++)
        {
            Expression arg = (*exps)[i];
            arg = resolveProperties(sc, arg);
            if (arg.op == TOK.type)
            {
                arg.error("cannot pass type `%s` as a function argument", arg.toChars());
                arg = new ErrorExp();
                err = true;
            }
            else if (checkNonAssignmentArrayOp(arg))
            {
                arg = new ErrorExp();
                err = true;
            }
            (*exps)[i] = arg;
        }
    }
    return err;
}

/********************************************
 * Issue an error if default construction is disabled for type t.
 * Default construction is required for arrays and 'out' parameters.
 * Returns:
 *      true    an error was issued
 */
private bool checkDefCtor(Loc loc, Type t)
{
    t = t.baseElemOf();
    if (t.ty == Tstruct)
    {
        StructDeclaration sd = (cast(TypeStruct)t).sym;
        if (sd.noDefaultCtor)
        {
            sd.error(loc, "default construction is disabled");
            return true;
        }
    }
    return false;
}

/****************************************
 * Now that we know the exact type of the function we're calling,
 * the arguments[] need to be adjusted:
 *      1. implicitly convert argument to the corresponding parameter type
 *      2. add default arguments for any missing arguments
 *      3. do default promotions on arguments corresponding to ...
 *      4. add hidden _arguments[] argument
 *      5. call copy constructor for struct value arguments
 * Params:
 *      tf        = type of the function
 *      tthis     = type of `this` argument, `null` if no `this` argument
 *      arguments = array of actual arguments to function call
 *      fd        = the function being called, `null` if called indirectly
 *      prettype  = set to return type of function
 *      peprefix  = set to expression to execute before `arguments[]` are evaluated, `null` if none
 * Returns:
 *      true    errors happened
 */
private bool functionParameters(const ref Loc loc, Scope* sc,
    TypeFunction tf, Type tthis, Expressions* arguments, FuncDeclaration fd, Type* prettype, Expression* peprefix)
{
    //printf("functionParameters() %s\n", fd ? fd.toChars() : "");
    assert(arguments);
    assert(fd || tf.next);
    size_t nargs = arguments ? arguments.dim : 0;
    const size_t nparams = Parameter.dim(tf.parameters);
    const olderrors = global.errors;
    bool err = false;
    *prettype = Type.terror;
    Expression eprefix = null;
    *peprefix = null;

    if (nargs > nparams && tf.varargs == 0)
    {
        error(loc, "expected %llu arguments, not %llu for non-variadic function type `%s`", cast(ulong)nparams, cast(ulong)nargs, tf.toChars());
        return true;
    }

    // If inferring return type, and semantic3() needs to be run if not already run
    if (!tf.next && fd.inferRetType)
    {
        fd.functionSemantic();
    }
    else if (fd && fd.parent)
    {
        TemplateInstance ti = fd.parent.isTemplateInstance();
        if (ti && ti.tempdecl)
        {
            fd.functionSemantic3();
        }
    }
    const isCtorCall = fd && fd.needThis() && fd.isCtorDeclaration();

    const size_t n = (nargs > nparams) ? nargs : nparams; // n = max(nargs, nparams)

    /* If the function return type has wildcards in it, we'll need to figure out the actual type
     * based on the actual argument types.
     * Start with the `this` argument, later on merge into wildmatch the mod bits of the rest
     * of the arguments.
     */
    MOD wildmatch = (tthis && !isCtorCall) ? tthis.Type.deduceWild(tf, false) : 0;

    bool done = false;
    foreach (const i; 0 .. n)
    {
        Expression arg = (i < nargs) ? (*arguments)[i] : null;

        if (i < nparams)
        {
            bool errorArgs()
            {
                error(loc, "expected %llu function arguments, not %llu", cast(ulong)nparams, cast(ulong)nargs);
                return true;
            }

            Parameter p = Parameter.getNth(tf.parameters, i);

            if (!arg)
            {
                if (!p.defaultArg)
                {
                    if (tf.varargs == 2 && i + 1 == nparams)
                        goto L2;
                    return errorArgs();
                }
                arg = p.defaultArg;
                arg = inlineCopy(arg, sc);
                // __FILE__, __LINE__, __MODULE__, __FUNCTION__, and __PRETTY_FUNCTION__
                arg = arg.resolveLoc(loc, sc);
                arguments.push(arg);
                nargs++;
            }
            else
            {
                if (arg.op == TOK.default_)
                {
                    arg = arg.resolveLoc(loc, sc);
                    (*arguments)[i] = arg;
                }
            }

            if (tf.varargs == 2 && i + 1 == nparams) // https://dlang.org/spec/function.html#variadic
            {
                //printf("\t\tvarargs == 2, p.type = '%s'\n", p.type.toChars());
                {
                    MATCH m;
                    if ((m = arg.implicitConvTo(p.type)) > MATCH.nomatch)
                    {
                        if (p.type.nextOf() && arg.implicitConvTo(p.type.nextOf()) >= m)
                            goto L2;
                        else if (nargs != nparams)
                            return errorArgs();
                        goto L1;
                    }
                }
            L2:
                Type tb = p.type.toBasetype();
                switch (tb.ty)
                {
                case Tsarray:
                case Tarray:
                    {
                        /* Create a static array variable v of type arg.type:
                         *  T[dim] __arrayArg = [ arguments[i], ..., arguments[nargs-1] ];
                         *
                         * The array literal in the initializer of the hidden variable
                         * is now optimized.
                         * https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=2356
                         */
                        Type tbn = (cast(TypeArray)tb).next;    // array element type
                        Type tret = p.isLazyArray();

                        auto elements = new Expressions(nargs - i);
                        foreach (u; 0 .. elements.dim)
                        {
                            Expression a = (*arguments)[i + u];
                            if (tret && a.implicitConvTo(tret))
                            {
                                // p is a lazy array of delegates, tret is return type of the delegates
                                a = a.implicitCastTo(sc, tret)
                                     .optimize(WANTvalue)
                                     .toDelegate(tret, sc);
                            }
                            else
                                a = a.implicitCastTo(sc, tbn);
                            a = a.addDtorHook(sc);
                            (*elements)[u] = a;
                        }
                        // https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=14395
                        // Convert to a static array literal, or its slice.
                        arg = new ArrayLiteralExp(loc, tbn.sarrayOf(nargs - i), elements);
                        if (tb.ty == Tarray)
                        {
                            arg = new SliceExp(loc, arg, null, null);
                            arg.type = p.type;
                        }
                        break;
                    }
                case Tclass:
                    {
                        /* Set arg to be:
                         *      new Tclass(arg0, arg1, ..., argn)
                         */
                        auto args = new Expressions(nargs - i);
                        foreach (u; i .. nargs)
                            (*args)[u - i] = (*arguments)[u];
                        arg = new NewExp(loc, null, null, p.type, args);
                        break;
                    }
                default:
                    if (!arg)
                    {
                        error(loc, "not enough arguments");
                        return true;
                    }
                    break;
                }
                arg = arg.expressionSemantic(sc);
                //printf("\targ = '%s'\n", arg.toChars());
                arguments.setDim(i + 1);
                (*arguments)[i] = arg;
                nargs = i + 1;
                done = true;
            }

        L1:
            if (!(p.storageClass & STC.lazy_ && p.type.ty == Tvoid))
            {
                bool isRef = (p.storageClass & (STC.ref_ | STC.out_)) != 0;
                if (ubyte wm = arg.type.deduceWild(p.type, isRef))
                {
                    wildmatch = wildmatch ? MODmerge(wildmatch, wm) : wm;
                    //printf("[%d] p = %s, a = %s, wm = %d, wildmatch = %d\n", i, p.type.toChars(), arg.type.toChars(), wm, wildmatch);
                }
            }
        }
        if (done)
            break;
    }
    if ((wildmatch == MODFlags.mutable || wildmatch == MODFlags.immutable_) &&
        tf.next.hasWild() &&
        (tf.isref || !tf.next.implicitConvTo(tf.next.immutableOf())))
    {
        bool errorInout(MOD wildmatch)
        {
            const(char)* s = wildmatch == MODFlags.mutable ? "mutable" : MODtoChars(wildmatch);
            error(loc, "modify `inout` to `%s` is not allowed inside `inout` function", s);
            return true;
        }

        if (fd)
        {
            /* If the called function may return the reference to
             * outer inout data, it should be rejected.
             *
             * void foo(ref inout(int) x) {
             *   ref inout(int) bar(inout(int)) { return x; }
             *   struct S { ref inout(int) bar() inout { return x; } }
             *   bar(int.init) = 1;  // bad!
             *   S().bar() = 1;      // bad!
             * }
             */
            Dsymbol s = null;
            if (fd.isThis() || fd.isNested())
                s = fd.toParent2();
            for (; s; s = s.toParent2())
            {
                if (auto ad = s.isAggregateDeclaration())
                {
                    if (ad.isNested())
                        continue;
                    break;
                }
                if (auto ff = s.isFuncDeclaration())
                {
                    if ((cast(TypeFunction)ff.type).iswild)
                        return errorInout(wildmatch);

                    if (ff.isNested() || ff.isThis())
                        continue;
                }
                break;
            }
        }
        else if (tf.isWild())
            return errorInout(wildmatch);
    }

    assert(nargs >= nparams);
    foreach (const i, arg; (*arguments)[0 .. nargs])
    {
        assert(arg);
        if (i < nparams)
        {
            Parameter p = Parameter.getNth(tf.parameters, i);
            if (!(p.storageClass & STC.lazy_ && p.type.ty == Tvoid))
            {
                Type tprm = p.type.hasWild()
                    ? p.type.substWildTo(wildmatch)
                    : p.type;
                if (!tprm.equals(arg.type))
                {
                    //printf("arg.type = %s, p.type = %s\n", arg.type.toChars(), p.type.toChars());
                    arg = arg.implicitCastTo(sc, tprm);
                    arg = arg.optimize(WANTvalue, (p.storageClass & (STC.ref_ | STC.out_)) != 0);
                }
            }
            if (p.storageClass & STC.ref_)
            {
                arg = arg.toLvalue(sc, arg);

                // Look for mutable misaligned pointer, etc., in @safe mode
                err |= checkUnsafeAccess(sc, arg, false, true);
            }
            else if (p.storageClass & STC.out_)
            {
                Type t = arg.type;
                if (!t.isMutable() || !t.isAssignable()) // check blit assignable
                {
                    arg.error("cannot modify struct `%s` with immutable members", arg.toChars());
                    err = true;
                }
                else
                {
                    // Look for misaligned pointer, etc., in @safe mode
                    err |= checkUnsafeAccess(sc, arg, false, true);
                    err |= checkDefCtor(arg.loc, t); // t must be default constructible
                }
                arg = arg.toLvalue(sc, arg);
            }
            else if (p.storageClass & STC.lazy_)
            {
                // Convert lazy argument to a delegate
                auto t = (p.type.ty == Tvoid) ? p.type : arg.type;
                arg = toDelegate(arg, t, sc);
            }
            //printf("arg: %s\n", arg.toChars());
            //printf("type: %s\n", arg.type.toChars());
            //printf("param: %s\n", p.toChars());

            if (tf.parameterEscapes(tthis, p))
            {
                /* Argument value can escape from the called function.
                 * Check arg to see if it matters.
                 */
                if (global.params.vsafe)
                    err |= checkParamArgumentEscape(sc, fd, p.ident, arg, false);
            }
            else
            {
                /* Argument value cannot escape from the called function.
                 */
                Expression a = arg;
                if (a.op == TOK.cast_)
                    a = (cast(CastExp)a).e1;
                if (a.op == TOK.function_)
                {
                    /* Function literals can only appear once, so if this
                     * appearance was scoped, there cannot be any others.
                     */
                    FuncExp fe = cast(FuncExp)a;
                    fe.fd.tookAddressOf = 0;
                }
                else if (a.op == TOK.delegate_)
                {
                    /* For passing a delegate to a scoped parameter,
                     * this doesn't count as taking the address of it.
                     * We only worry about 'escaping' references to the function.
                     */
                    DelegateExp de = cast(DelegateExp)a;
                    if (de.e1.op == TOK.variable)
                    {
                        VarExp ve = cast(VarExp)de.e1;
                        FuncDeclaration f = ve.var.isFuncDeclaration();
                        if (f)
                        {
                            f.tookAddressOf--;
                            //printf("--tookAddressOf = %d\n", f.tookAddressOf);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            arg = arg.optimize(WANTvalue, (p.storageClass & (STC.ref_ | STC.out_)) != 0);
        }
        else
        {
            // These will be the trailing ... arguments
            // If not D linkage, do promotions
            if (tf.linkage != LINK.d)
            {
                // Promote bytes, words, etc., to ints
                arg = integralPromotions(arg, sc);

                // Promote floats to doubles
                switch (arg.type.ty)
                {
                case Tfloat32:
                    arg = arg.castTo(sc, Type.tfloat64);
                    break;

                case Timaginary32:
                    arg = arg.castTo(sc, Type.timaginary64);
                    break;

                default:
                    break;
                }
                if (tf.varargs == 1)
                {
                    const(char)* p = tf.linkage == LINK.c ? "extern(C)" : "extern(C++)";
                    if (arg.type.ty == Tarray)
                    {
                        arg.error("cannot pass dynamic arrays to `%s` vararg functions", p);
                        err = true;
                    }
                    if (arg.type.ty == Tsarray)
                    {
                        arg.error("cannot pass static arrays to `%s` vararg functions", p);
                        err = true;
                    }
                }
            }

            // Do not allow types that need destructors
            if (arg.type.needsDestruction())
            {
                arg.error("cannot pass types that need destruction as variadic arguments");
                err = true;
            }

            // Convert static arrays to dynamic arrays
            // BUG: I don't think this is right for D2
            Type tb = arg.type.toBasetype();
            if (tb.ty == Tsarray)
            {
                TypeSArray ts = cast(TypeSArray)tb;
                Type ta = ts.next.arrayOf();
                if (ts.size(arg.loc) == 0)
                    arg = new NullExp(arg.loc, ta);
                else
                    arg = arg.castTo(sc, ta);
            }
            if (tb.ty == Tstruct)
            {
                //arg = callCpCtor(sc, arg);
            }
            // Give error for overloaded function addresses
            if (arg.op == TOK.symbolOffset)
            {
                SymOffExp se = cast(SymOffExp)arg;
                if (se.hasOverloads && !se.var.isFuncDeclaration().isUnique())
                {
                    arg.error("function `%s` is overloaded", arg.toChars());
                    err = true;
                }
            }
            if (arg.checkValue())
                err = true;
            arg = arg.optimize(WANTvalue);
        }
        (*arguments)[i] = arg;
    }

    /* Remaining problems:
     * 1. order of evaluation - some function push L-to-R, others R-to-L. Until we resolve what array assignment does (which is
     *    implemented by calling a function) we'll defer this for now.
     * 2. value structs (or static arrays of them) that need to be copy constructed
     * 3. value structs (or static arrays of them) that have destructors, and subsequent arguments that may throw before the
     *    function gets called (functions normally destroy their parameters)
     * 2 and 3 are handled by doing the argument construction in 'eprefix' so that if a later argument throws, they are cleaned
     * up properly. Pushing arguments on the stack then cannot fail.
     */
    {
        /* TODO: tackle problem 1)
         */
        const bool leftToRight = true; // TODO: something like !fd.isArrayOp
        if (!leftToRight)
            assert(nargs == nparams); // no variadics for RTL order, as they would probably be evaluated LTR and so add complexity

        const ptrdiff_t start = (leftToRight ? 0 : cast(ptrdiff_t)nargs - 1);
        const ptrdiff_t end = (leftToRight ? cast(ptrdiff_t)nargs : -1);
        const ptrdiff_t step = (leftToRight ? 1 : -1);

        /* Compute indices of last throwing argument and first arg needing destruction.
         * Used to not set up destructors unless an arg needs destruction on a throw
         * in a later argument.
         */
        ptrdiff_t lastthrow = -1;
        ptrdiff_t firstdtor = -1;
        for (ptrdiff_t i = start; i != end; i += step)
        {
            Expression arg = (*arguments)[i];
            if (canThrow(arg, sc.func, false))
                lastthrow = i;
            if (firstdtor == -1 && arg.type.needsDestruction())
            {
                Parameter p = (i >= nparams ? null : Parameter.getNth(tf.parameters, i));
                if (!(p && (p.storageClass & (STC.lazy_ | STC.ref_ | STC.out_))))
                    firstdtor = i;
            }
        }

        /* Does problem 3) apply to this call?
         */
        const bool needsPrefix = (firstdtor >= 0 && lastthrow >= 0
            && (lastthrow - firstdtor) * step > 0);

        /* If so, initialize 'eprefix' by declaring the gate
         */
        VarDeclaration gate = null;
        if (needsPrefix)
        {
            // eprefix => bool __gate [= false]
            Identifier idtmp = Identifier.generateId("__gate");
            gate = new VarDeclaration(loc, Type.tbool, idtmp, null);
            gate.storage_class |= STC.temp | STC.ctfe | STC.volatile_;
            gate.dsymbolSemantic(sc);

            auto ae = new DeclarationExp(loc, gate);
            eprefix = ae.expressionSemantic(sc);
        }

        for (ptrdiff_t i = start; i != end; i += step)
        {
            Expression arg = (*arguments)[i];

            Parameter parameter = (i >= nparams ? null : Parameter.getNth(tf.parameters, i));
            const bool isRef = (parameter && (parameter.storageClass & (STC.ref_ | STC.out_)));
            const bool isLazy = (parameter && (parameter.storageClass & STC.lazy_));

            /* Skip lazy parameters
             */
            if (isLazy)
                continue;

            /* Do we have a gate? Then we have a prefix and we're not yet past the last throwing arg.
             * Declare a temporary variable for this arg and append that declaration to 'eprefix',
             * which will implicitly take care of potential problem 2) for this arg.
             * 'eprefix' will therefore finally contain all args up to and including the last
             * potentially throwing arg, excluding all lazy parameters.
             */
            if (gate)
            {
                const bool needsDtor = (!isRef && arg.type.needsDestruction() && i != lastthrow);

                /* Declare temporary 'auto __pfx = arg' (needsDtor) or 'auto __pfy = arg' (!needsDtor)
                 */
                auto tmp = copyToTemp(0,
                    needsDtor ? "__pfx" : "__pfy",
                    !isRef ? arg : arg.addressOf());
                tmp.dsymbolSemantic(sc);

                /* Modify the destructor so it only runs if gate==false, i.e.,
                 * only if there was a throw while constructing the args
                 */
                if (!needsDtor)
                {
                    if (tmp.edtor)
                    {
                        assert(i == lastthrow);
                        tmp.edtor = null;
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    // edtor => (__gate || edtor)
                    assert(tmp.edtor);
                    Expression e = tmp.edtor;
                    e = new LogicalExp(e.loc, TOK.orOr, new VarExp(e.loc, gate), e);
                    tmp.edtor = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
                    //printf("edtor: %s\n", tmp.edtor.toChars());
                }

                // eprefix => (eprefix, auto __pfx/y = arg)
                auto ae = new DeclarationExp(loc, tmp);
                eprefix = Expression.combine(eprefix, ae.expressionSemantic(sc));

                // arg => __pfx/y
                arg = new VarExp(loc, tmp);
                arg = arg.expressionSemantic(sc);
                if (isRef)
                {
                    arg = new PtrExp(loc, arg);
                    arg = arg.expressionSemantic(sc);
                }

                /* Last throwing arg? Then finalize eprefix => (eprefix, gate = true),
                 * i.e., disable the dtors right after constructing the last throwing arg.
                 * From now on, the callee will take care of destructing the args because
                 * the args are implicitly moved into function parameters.
                 *
                 * Set gate to null to let the next iterations know they don't need to
                 * append to eprefix anymore.
                 */
                if (i == lastthrow)
                {
                    auto e = new AssignExp(gate.loc, new VarExp(gate.loc, gate), new IntegerExp(gate.loc, 1, Type.tbool));
                    eprefix = Expression.combine(eprefix, e.expressionSemantic(sc));
                    gate = null;
                }
            }
            else
            {
                /* No gate, no prefix to append to.
                 * Handle problem 2) by calling the copy constructor for value structs
                 * (or static arrays of them) if appropriate.
                 */
                Type tv = arg.type.baseElemOf();
                if (!isRef && tv.ty == Tstruct)
                    arg = doCopyOrMove(sc, arg);
            }

            (*arguments)[i] = arg;
        }
    }
    //if (eprefix) printf("eprefix: %s\n", eprefix.toChars());

    // If D linkage and variadic, add _arguments[] as first argument
    if (tf.linkage == LINK.d && tf.varargs == 1)
    {
        assert(arguments.dim >= nparams);

        auto args = new Parameters(arguments.dim - nparams);
        for (size_t i = 0; i < arguments.dim - nparams; i++)
        {
            auto arg = new Parameter(STC.in_, (*arguments)[nparams + i].type, null, null, null);
            (*args)[i] = arg;
        }
        auto tup = new TypeTuple(args);
        Expression e = (new TypeidExp(loc, tup)).expressionSemantic(sc);
        arguments.insert(0, e);
    }

    Type tret = tf.next;
    if (isCtorCall)
    {
        //printf("[%s] fd = %s %s, %d %d %d\n", loc.toChars(), fd.toChars(), fd.type.toChars(),
        //    wildmatch, tf.isWild(), fd.isReturnIsolated());
        if (!tthis)
        {
            assert(sc.intypeof || global.errors);
            tthis = fd.isThis().type.addMod(fd.type.mod);
        }
        if (tf.isWild() && !fd.isReturnIsolated())
        {
            if (wildmatch)
                tret = tret.substWildTo(wildmatch);
            int offset;
            if (!tret.implicitConvTo(tthis) && !(MODimplicitConv(tret.mod, tthis.mod) && tret.isBaseOf(tthis, &offset) && offset == 0))
            {
                const(char)* s1 = tret.isNaked() ? " mutable" : tret.modToChars();
                const(char)* s2 = tthis.isNaked() ? " mutable" : tthis.modToChars();
                .error(loc, "`inout` constructor `%s` creates%s object, not%s", fd.toPrettyChars(), s1, s2);
                err = true;
            }
        }
        tret = tthis;
    }
    else if (wildmatch && tret)
    {
        /* Adjust function return type based on wildmatch
         */
        //printf("wildmatch = x%x, tret = %s\n", wildmatch, tret.toChars());
        tret = tret.substWildTo(wildmatch);
    }
    *prettype = tret;
    *peprefix = eprefix;
    return (err || olderrors != global.errors);
}

private Module loadStdMath()
{
    __gshared Import impStdMath = null;
    if (!impStdMath)
    {
        auto a = new Identifiers();
        a.push(Id.std);
        auto s = new Import(Loc.initial, a, Id.math, null, false);
        // Module.load will call fatal() if there's no std.math available.
        // Gag the error here, pushing the error handling to the caller.
        uint errors = global.startGagging();
        s.load(null);
        if (s.mod)
        {
            s.mod.importAll(null);
            s.mod.dsymbolSemantic(null);
        }
        global.endGagging(errors);
        impStdMath = s;
    }
    return impStdMath.mod;
}

private extern (C++) final class ExpressionSemanticVisitor : Visitor
{
    alias visit = Visitor.visit;

    Scope* sc;
    Expression result;

    this(Scope* sc)
    {
        this.sc = sc;
    }

    private void setError()
    {
        result = new ErrorExp();
    }

    /**************************
     * Semantically analyze Expression.
     * Determine types, fold constants, etc.
     */
    override void visit(Expression e)
    {
        static if (LOGSEMANTIC)
        {
            printf("Expression::semantic() %s\n", e.toChars());
        }
        if (e.type)
            e.type = e.type.typeSemantic(e.loc, sc);
        else
            e.type = Type.tvoid;
        result = e;
    }

    override void visit(IntegerExp e)
    {
        assert(e.type);
        if (e.type.ty == Terror)
            return setError();

        assert(e.type.deco);
        e.setInteger(e.getInteger());
        result = e;
    }

    override void visit(RealExp e)
    {
        if (!e.type)
            e.type = Type.tfloat64;
        else
            e.type = e.type.typeSemantic(e.loc, sc);
        result = e;
    }

    override void visit(ComplexExp e)
    {
        if (!e.type)
            e.type = Type.tcomplex80;
        else
            e.type = e.type.typeSemantic(e.loc, sc);
        result = e;
    }

    override void visit(IdentifierExp exp)
    {
        static if (LOGSEMANTIC)
        {
            printf("IdentifierExp::semantic('%s')\n", exp.ident.toChars());
        }
        if (exp.type) // This is used as the dummy expression
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        Dsymbol scopesym;
        Dsymbol s = sc.search(exp.loc, exp.ident, &scopesym);
        if (s)
        {
            if (s.errors)
                return setError();

            Expression e;

            /* See if the symbol was a member of an enclosing 'with'
             */
            WithScopeSymbol withsym = scopesym.isWithScopeSymbol();
            if (withsym && withsym.withstate.wthis)
            {
                /* Disallow shadowing
                 */
                // First find the scope of the with
                Scope* scwith = sc;
                while (scwith.scopesym != scopesym)
                {
                    scwith = scwith.enclosing;
                    assert(scwith);
                }
                // Look at enclosing scopes for symbols with the same name,
                // in the same function
                for (Scope* scx = scwith; scx && scx.func == scwith.func; scx = scx.enclosing)
                {
                    Dsymbol s2;
                    if (scx.scopesym && scx.scopesym.symtab && (s2 = scx.scopesym.symtab.lookup(s.ident)) !is null && s != s2)
                    {
                        exp.error("with symbol `%s` is shadowing local symbol `%s`", s.toPrettyChars(), s2.toPrettyChars());
                        return setError();
                    }
                }
                s = s.toAlias();

                // Same as wthis.ident
                //  TODO: DotIdExp.semantic will find 'ident' from 'wthis' again.
                //  The redudancy should be removed.
                e = new VarExp(exp.loc, withsym.withstate.wthis);
                e = new DotIdExp(exp.loc, e, exp.ident);
                e = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
            }
            else
            {
                if (withsym)
                {
                    Declaration d = s.isDeclaration();
                    if (d)
                        checkAccess(exp.loc, sc, null, d);
                }

                /* If f is really a function template,
                 * then replace f with the function template declaration.
                 */
                FuncDeclaration f = s.isFuncDeclaration();
                if (f)
                {
                    TemplateDeclaration td = getFuncTemplateDecl(f);
                    if (td)
                    {
                        if (td.overroot) // if not start of overloaded list of TemplateDeclaration's
                            td = td.overroot; // then get the start
                        e = new TemplateExp(exp.loc, td, f);
                        e = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
                        result = e;
                        return;
                    }
                }

                if (global.params.fixAliasThis)
                {
                    ExpressionDsymbol expDsym = scopesym.isExpressionDsymbol();
                    if (expDsym)
                    {
                        //printf("expDsym = %s\n", expDsym.exp.toChars());
                        result = expDsym.exp.expressionSemantic(sc);
                        return;
                    }
                }
                // Haven't done overload resolution yet, so pass 1
                e = symbolToExp(s, exp.loc, sc, true);
            }
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        if (!global.params.fixAliasThis && hasThis(sc))
        {
            for (AggregateDeclaration ad = sc.getStructClassScope(); ad;)
            {
                if (ad.aliasthis)
                {
                    Expression e;
                    e = new ThisExp(exp.loc);
                    e = new DotIdExp(exp.loc, e, ad.aliasthis.ident);
                    e = new DotIdExp(exp.loc, e, exp.ident);
                    e = e.trySemantic(sc);
                    if (e)
                    {
                        result = e;
                        return;
                    }
                }

                auto cd = ad.isClassDeclaration();
                if (cd && cd.baseClass && cd.baseClass != ClassDeclaration.object)
                {
                    ad = cd.baseClass;
                    continue;
                }
                break;
            }
        }

        if (exp.ident == Id.ctfe)
        {
            if (sc.flags & SCOPE.ctfe)
            {
                exp.error("variable `__ctfe` cannot be read at compile time");
                return setError();
            }

            // Create the magic __ctfe bool variable
            auto vd = new VarDeclaration(exp.loc, Type.tbool, Id.ctfe, null);
            vd.storage_class |= STC.temp;
            vd.semanticRun = PASS.semanticdone;
            Expression e = new VarExp(exp.loc, vd);
            e = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        // If we've reached this point and are inside a with() scope then we may
        // try one last attempt by checking whether the 'wthis' object supports
        // dynamic dispatching via opDispatch.
        // This is done by rewriting this expression as wthis.ident.
        // The innermost with() scope of the hierarchy to satisfy the condition
        // above wins.
        // https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=6400
        for (Scope* sc2 = sc; sc2; sc2 = sc2.enclosing)
        {
            if (!sc2.scopesym)
                continue;

            if (auto ss = sc2.scopesym.isWithScopeSymbol())
            {
                if (ss.withstate.wthis)
                {
                    Expression e;
                    e = new VarExp(exp.loc, ss.withstate.wthis);
                    e = new DotIdExp(exp.loc, e, exp.ident);
                    e = e.trySemantic(sc);
                    if (e)
                    {
                        result = e;
                        return;
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        /* Look for what user might have meant
         */
        if (const n = importHint(exp.ident.toString()))
            exp.error("`%s` is not defined, perhaps `import %.*s;` is needed?", exp.ident.toChars(), cast(int)n.length, n.ptr);
        else if (auto s2 = sc.search_correct(exp.ident))
            exp.error("undefined identifier `%s`, did you mean %s `%s`?", exp.ident.toChars(), s2.kind(), s2.toChars());
        else if (const p = Scope.search_correct_C(exp.ident))
            exp.error("undefined identifier `%s`, did you mean `%s`?", exp.ident.toChars(), p);
        else
            exp.error("undefined identifier `%s`", exp.ident.toChars());

        result = new ErrorExp();
    }

    override void visit(DsymbolExp e)
    {
        result = symbolToExp(e.s, e.loc, sc, e.hasOverloads);
    }

    override void visit(ThisExp e)
    {
        static if (LOGSEMANTIC)
        {
            printf("ThisExp::semantic()\n");
        }
        if (e.type)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        FuncDeclaration fd = hasThis(sc); // fd is the uplevel function with the 'this' variable

        /* Special case for typeof(this) and typeof(super) since both
         * should work even if they are not inside a non-static member function
         */
        if (!fd && sc.intypeof == 1)
        {
            // Find enclosing struct or class
            for (Dsymbol s = sc.getStructClassScope(); 1; s = s.parent)
            {
                if (!s)
                {
                    e.error("`%s` is not in a class or struct scope", e.toChars());
                    goto Lerr;
                }
                ClassDeclaration cd = s.isClassDeclaration();
                if (cd)
                {
                    e.type = cd.type;
                    result = e;
                    return;
                }
                StructDeclaration sd = s.isStructDeclaration();
                if (sd)
                {
                    e.type = sd.type;
                    result = e;
                    return;
                }
            }
        }
        if (!fd)
            goto Lerr;

        assert(fd.vthis);
        e.var = fd.vthis;
        assert(e.var.parent);
        e.type = e.var.type;

        if (e.var.checkNestedReference(sc, e.loc))
            return setError();

        result = e;
        return;

    Lerr:
        e.error("`this` is only defined in non-static member functions, not `%s`", sc.parent.toChars());
        result = new ErrorExp();
    }

    override void visit(SuperExp e)
    {
        static if (LOGSEMANTIC)
        {
            printf("SuperExp::semantic('%s')\n", e.toChars());
        }
        if (e.type)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        FuncDeclaration fd = hasThis(sc);
        ClassDeclaration cd;
        Dsymbol s;

        /* Special case for typeof(this) and typeof(super) since both
         * should work even if they are not inside a non-static member function
         */
        if (!fd && sc.intypeof == 1)
        {
            // Find enclosing class
            for (s = sc.getStructClassScope(); 1; s = s.parent)
            {
                if (!s)
                {
                    e.error("`%s` is not in a class scope", e.toChars());
                    goto Lerr;
                }
                cd = s.isClassDeclaration();
                if (cd)
                {
                    cd = cd.baseClass;
                    if (!cd)
                    {
                        e.error("class `%s` has no `super`", s.toChars());
                        goto Lerr;
                    }
                    e.type = cd.type;
                    result = e;
                    return;
                }
            }
        }
        if (!fd)
            goto Lerr;

        e.var = fd.vthis;
        assert(e.var && e.var.parent);

        s = fd.toParent();
        while (s && s.isTemplateInstance())
            s = s.toParent();
        if (s.isTemplateDeclaration()) // allow inside template constraint
            s = s.toParent();
        assert(s);
        cd = s.isClassDeclaration();
        //printf("parent is %s %s\n", fd.toParent().kind(), fd.toParent().toChars());
        if (!cd)
            goto Lerr;
        if (!cd.baseClass)
        {
            e.error("no base class for `%s`", cd.toChars());
            e.type = e.var.type;
        }
        else
        {
            e.type = cd.baseClass.type;
            e.type = e.type.castMod(e.var.type.mod);
        }

        if (e.var.checkNestedReference(sc, e.loc))
            return setError();

        result = e;
        return;

    Lerr:
        e.error("`super` is only allowed in non-static class member functions");
        result = new ErrorExp();
    }

    override void visit(NullExp e)
    {
        static if (LOGSEMANTIC)
        {
            printf("NullExp::semantic('%s')\n", e.toChars());
        }
        // NULL is the same as (void *)0
        if (e.type)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }
        e.type = Type.tnull;
        result = e;
    }

    override void visit(StringExp e)
    {
        static if (LOGSEMANTIC)
        {
            printf("StringExp::semantic() %s\n", e.toChars());
        }
        if (e.type)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        OutBuffer buffer;
        size_t newlen = 0;
        const(char)* p;
        size_t u;
        dchar c;

        switch (e.postfix)
        {
        case 'd':
            for (u = 0; u < e.len;)
            {
                p = utf_decodeChar(e.string, e.len, u, c);
                if (p)
                {
                    e.error("%s", p);
                    return setError();
                }
                else
                {
                    buffer.write4(c);
                    newlen++;
                }
            }
            buffer.write4(0);
            e.dstring = cast(dchar*)buffer.extractData();
            e.len = newlen;
            e.sz = 4;
            e.type = new TypeDArray(Type.tdchar.immutableOf());
            e.committed = 1;
            break;

        case 'w':
            for (u = 0; u < e.len;)
            {
                p = utf_decodeChar(e.string, e.len, u, c);
                if (p)
                {
                    e.error("%s", p);
                    return setError();
                }
                else
                {
                    buffer.writeUTF16(c);
                    newlen++;
                    if (c >= 0x10000)
                        newlen++;
                }
            }
            buffer.writeUTF16(0);
            e.wstring = cast(wchar*)buffer.extractData();
            e.len = newlen;
            e.sz = 2;
            e.type = new TypeDArray(Type.twchar.immutableOf());
            e.committed = 1;
            break;

        case 'c':
            e.committed = 1;
            goto default;

        default:
            e.type = new TypeDArray(Type.tchar.immutableOf());
            break;
        }
        e.type = e.type.typeSemantic(e.loc, sc);
        //type = type.immutableOf();
        //printf("type = %s\n", type.toChars());

        result = e;
    }

    override void visit(TupleExp exp)
    {
        static if (LOGSEMANTIC)
        {
            printf("+TupleExp::semantic(%s)\n", exp.toChars());
        }
        if (exp.type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        if (exp.e0)
            exp.e0 = exp.e0.expressionSemantic(sc);

        // Run semantic() on each argument
        bool err = false;
        for (size_t i = 0; i < exp.exps.dim; i++)
        {
            Expression e = (*exp.exps)[i];
            e = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
            if (!e.type)
            {
                exp.error("`%s` has no value", e.toChars());
                err = true;
            }
            else if (e.op == TOK.error)
                err = true;
            else
                (*exp.exps)[i] = e;
        }
        if (err)
            return setError();

        expandTuples(exp.exps);

        exp.type = new TypeTuple(exp.exps);
        exp.type = exp.type.typeSemantic(exp.loc, sc);
        //printf("-TupleExp::semantic(%s)\n", toChars());
        result = exp;
    }

    override void visit(ArrayLiteralExp e)
    {
        static if (LOGSEMANTIC)
        {
            printf("ArrayLiteralExp::semantic('%s')\n", e.toChars());
        }
        if (e.type)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        /* Perhaps an empty array literal [ ] should be rewritten as null?
         */

        if (e.basis)
            e.basis = e.basis.expressionSemantic(sc);
        if (arrayExpressionSemantic(e.elements, sc) || (e.basis && e.basis.op == TOK.error))
            return setError();

        expandTuples(e.elements);

        Type t0;
        if (e.basis)
            e.elements.push(e.basis);
        bool err = arrayExpressionToCommonType(sc, e.elements, &t0);
        if (e.basis)
            e.basis = e.elements.pop();
        if (err)
            return setError();

        e.type = t0.arrayOf();
        e.type = e.type.typeSemantic(e.loc, sc);

        /* Disallow array literals of type void being used.
         */
        if (e.elements.dim > 0 && t0.ty == Tvoid)
        {
            e.error("`%s` of type `%s` has no value", e.toChars(), e.type.toChars());
            return setError();
        }

        if (global.params.useTypeInfo && Type.dtypeinfo)
            semanticTypeInfo(sc, e.type);

        result = e;
    }

    override void visit(AssocArrayLiteralExp e)
    {
        static if (LOGSEMANTIC)
        {
            printf("AssocArrayLiteralExp::semantic('%s')\n", e.toChars());
        }
        if (e.type)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        // Run semantic() on each element
        bool err_keys = arrayExpressionSemantic(e.keys, sc);
        bool err_vals = arrayExpressionSemantic(e.values, sc);
        if (err_keys || err_vals)
            return setError();

        expandTuples(e.keys);
        expandTuples(e.values);
        if (e.keys.dim != e.values.dim)
        {
            e.error("number of keys is %u, must match number of values %u", e.keys.dim, e.values.dim);
            return setError();
        }

        Type tkey = null;
        Type tvalue = null;
        err_keys = arrayExpressionToCommonType(sc, e.keys, &tkey);
        err_vals = arrayExpressionToCommonType(sc, e.values, &tvalue);
        if (err_keys || err_vals)
            return setError();

        if (tkey == Type.terror || tvalue == Type.terror)
            return setError();

        e.type = new TypeAArray(tvalue, tkey);
        e.type = e.type.typeSemantic(e.loc, sc);

        semanticTypeInfo(sc, e.type);

        if (global.params.vsafe)
        {
            if (checkAssocArrayLiteralEscape(sc, e, false))
                return setError();
        }

        result = e;
    }

    override void visit(StructLiteralExp e)
    {
        static if (LOGSEMANTIC)
        {
            printf("StructLiteralExp::semantic('%s')\n", e.toChars());
        }
        if (e.type)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        e.sd.size(e.loc);
        if (e.sd.sizeok != Sizeok.done)
            return setError();

        // run semantic() on each element
        if (arrayExpressionSemantic(e.elements, sc))
            return setError();

        expandTuples(e.elements);

        /* Fit elements[] to the corresponding type of field[].
         */
        if (!e.sd.fit(e.loc, sc, e.elements, e.stype))
            return setError();

        /* Fill out remainder of elements[] with default initializers for fields[]
         */
        if (!e.sd.fill(e.loc, e.elements, false))
        {
            /* An error in the initializer needs to be recorded as an error
             * in the enclosing function or template, since the initializer
             * will be part of the stuct declaration.
             */
            global.increaseErrorCount();
            return setError();
        }

        if (checkFrameAccess(e.loc, sc, e.sd, e.elements.dim))
            return setError();

        e.type = e.stype ? e.stype : e.sd.type;
        result = e;
    }

    override void visit(TypeExp exp)
    {
        if (exp.type.ty == Terror)
            return setError();

        //printf("TypeExp::semantic(%s)\n", type.toChars());
        Expression e;
        Type t;
        Dsymbol s;

        dmd.typesem.resolve(exp.type, exp.loc, sc, &e, &t, &s, true);
        if (e)
        {
            //printf("e = %s %s\n", Token::toChars(e.op), e.toChars());
            e = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
        }
        else if (t)
        {
            //printf("t = %d %s\n", t.ty, t.toChars());
            exp.type = t.typeSemantic(exp.loc, sc);
            e = exp;
        }
        else if (s)
        {
            //printf("s = %s %s\n", s.kind(), s.toChars());
            e = symbolToExp(s, exp.loc, sc, true);
        }
        else
            assert(0);

        if (global.params.vcomplex)
            exp.type.checkComplexTransition(exp.loc, sc);

        result = e;
    }

    override void visit(ScopeExp exp)
    {
        static if (LOGSEMANTIC)
        {
            printf("+ScopeExp::semantic(%p '%s')\n", exp, exp.toChars());
        }
        if (exp.type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        ScopeDsymbol sds2 = exp.sds;
        TemplateInstance ti = sds2.isTemplateInstance();
        while (ti)
        {
            WithScopeSymbol withsym;
            if (!ti.findTempDecl(sc, &withsym) || !ti.semanticTiargs(sc))
                return setError();
            if (withsym && withsym.withstate.wthis)
            {
                Expression e = new VarExp(exp.loc, withsym.withstate.wthis);
                e = new DotTemplateInstanceExp(exp.loc, e, ti);
                result = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
                return;
            }
            if (ti.needsTypeInference(sc))
            {
                if (TemplateDeclaration td = ti.tempdecl.isTemplateDeclaration())
                {
                    Dsymbol p = td.toParent2();
                    FuncDeclaration fdthis = hasThis(sc);
                    AggregateDeclaration ad = p ? p.isAggregateDeclaration() : null;
                    if (fdthis && ad && isAggregate(fdthis.vthis.type) == ad && (td._scope.stc & STC.static_) == 0)
                    {
                        Expression e = new DotTemplateInstanceExp(exp.loc, new ThisExp(exp.loc), ti.name, ti.tiargs);
                        result = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
                        return;
                    }
                }
                else if (OverloadSet os = ti.tempdecl.isOverloadSet())
                {
                    FuncDeclaration fdthis = hasThis(sc);
                    AggregateDeclaration ad = os.parent.isAggregateDeclaration();
                    if (fdthis && ad && isAggregate(fdthis.vthis.type) == ad)
                    {
                        Expression e = new DotTemplateInstanceExp(exp.loc, new ThisExp(exp.loc), ti.name, ti.tiargs);
                        result = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
                        return;
                    }
                }
                // ti is an instance which requires IFTI.
                exp.sds = ti;
                exp.type = Type.tvoid;
                result = exp;
                return;
            }
            ti.dsymbolSemantic(sc);
            if (!ti.inst || ti.errors)
                return setError();

            Dsymbol s = ti.toAlias();
            if (s == ti)
            {
                exp.sds = ti;
                exp.type = Type.tvoid;
                result = exp;
                return;
            }
            sds2 = s.isScopeDsymbol();
            if (sds2)
            {
                ti = sds2.isTemplateInstance();
                //printf("+ sds2 = %s, '%s'\n", sds2.kind(), sds2.toChars());
                continue;
            }

            if (auto v = s.isVarDeclaration())
            {
                if (!v.type)
                {
                    exp.error("forward reference of %s `%s`", v.kind(), v.toChars());
                    return setError();
                }
                if ((v.storage_class & STC.manifest) && v._init)
                {
                    /* When an instance that will be converted to a constant exists,
                     * the instance representation "foo!tiargs" is treated like a
                     * variable name, and its recursive appearance check (note that
                     * it's equivalent with a recursive instantiation of foo) is done
                     * separately from the circular initialization check for the
                     * eponymous enum variable declaration.
                     *
                     *  template foo(T) {
                     *    enum bool foo = foo;    // recursive definition check (v.inuse)
                     *  }
                     *  template bar(T) {
                     *    enum bool bar = bar!T;  // recursive instantiation check (ti.inuse)
                     *  }
                     */
                    if (ti.inuse)
                    {
                        exp.error("recursive expansion of %s `%s`", ti.kind(), ti.toPrettyChars());
                        return setError();
                    }
                    auto e = v.expandInitializer(exp.loc);
                    ti.inuse++;
                    e = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
                    ti.inuse--;
                    result = e;
                    return;
                }
            }

            //printf("s = %s, '%s'\n", s.kind(), s.toChars());
            auto e = symbolToExp(s, exp.loc, sc, true);
            //printf("-1ScopeExp::semantic()\n");
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        //printf("sds2 = %s, '%s'\n", sds2.kind(), sds2.toChars());
        //printf("\tparent = '%s'\n", sds2.parent.toChars());
        sds2.dsymbolSemantic(sc);

        // (Aggregate|Enum)Declaration
        if (auto t = sds2.getType())
        {
            result = (new TypeExp(exp.loc, t)).expressionSemantic(sc);
            return;
        }

        if (auto td = sds2.isTemplateDeclaration())
        {
            result = (new TemplateExp(exp.loc, td)).expressionSemantic(sc);
            return;
        }

        exp.sds = sds2;
        exp.type = Type.tvoid;
        //printf("-2ScopeExp::semantic() %s\n", toChars());
        result = exp;
    }

    override void visit(NewExp exp)
    {
        static if (LOGSEMANTIC)
        {
            printf("NewExp::semantic() %s\n", exp.toChars());
            if (exp.thisexp)
                printf("\tthisexp = %s\n", exp.thisexp.toChars());
            printf("\tnewtype: %s\n", exp.newtype.toChars());
        }
        if (exp.type) // if semantic() already run
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        // https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=11581
        // With the syntax `new T[edim]` or `thisexp.new T[edim]`,
        // T should be analyzed first and edim should go into arguments iff it's
        // not a tuple.
        Expression edim = null;
        if (!exp.arguments && exp.newtype.ty == Tsarray)
        {
            edim = (cast(TypeSArray)exp.newtype).dim;
            exp.newtype = (cast(TypeNext)exp.newtype).next;
        }

        ClassDeclaration cdthis = null;
        if (exp.thisexp)
        {
            exp.thisexp = exp.thisexp.expressionSemantic(sc);
            if (exp.thisexp.op == TOK.error)
                return setError();

            cdthis = exp.thisexp.type.isClassHandle();
            if (!cdthis)
            {
                exp.error("`this` for nested class must be a class type, not `%s`", exp.thisexp.type.toChars());
                return setError();
            }

            sc = sc.push(cdthis);
            exp.type = exp.newtype.typeSemantic(exp.loc, sc);
            sc = sc.pop();
        }
        else
        {
            exp.type = exp.newtype.typeSemantic(exp.loc, sc);
        }
        if (exp.type.ty == Terror)
            return setError();

        if (edim)
        {
            if (exp.type.toBasetype().ty == Ttuple)
            {
                // --> new T[edim]
                exp.type = new TypeSArray(exp.type, edim);
                exp.type = exp.type.typeSemantic(exp.loc, sc);
                if (exp.type.ty == Terror)
                    return setError();
            }
            else
            {
                // --> new T[](edim)
                exp.arguments = new Expressions();
                exp.arguments.push(edim);
                exp.type = exp.type.arrayOf();
            }
        }

        exp.newtype = exp.type; // in case type gets cast to something else
        Type tb = exp.type.toBasetype();
        //printf("tb: %s, deco = %s\n", tb.toChars(), tb.deco);

        if (arrayExpressionSemantic(exp.newargs, sc) ||
            preFunctionParameters(sc, exp.newargs))
        {
            return setError();
        }
        if (arrayExpressionSemantic(exp.arguments, sc) ||
            preFunctionParameters(sc, exp.arguments))
        {
            return setError();
        }

        if (exp.thisexp && tb.ty != Tclass)
        {
            exp.error("`.new` is only for allocating nested classes, not `%s`", tb.toChars());
            return setError();
        }

        size_t nargs = exp.arguments ? exp.arguments.dim : 0;
        Expression newprefix = null;

        if (tb.ty == Tclass)
        {
            auto cd = (cast(TypeClass)tb).sym;
            cd.size(exp.loc);
            if (cd.sizeok != Sizeok.done)
                return setError();
            if (!cd.ctor)
                cd.ctor = cd.searchCtor();
            if (cd.noDefaultCtor && !nargs && !cd.defaultCtor)
            {
                exp.error("default construction is disabled for type `%s`", cd.type.toChars());
                return setError();
            }

            if (cd.isInterfaceDeclaration())
            {
                exp.error("cannot create instance of interface `%s`", cd.toChars());
                return setError();
            }

            if (cd.isAbstract())
            {
                exp.error("cannot create instance of abstract class `%s`", cd.toChars());
                for (size_t i = 0; i < cd.vtbl.dim; i++)
                {
                    FuncDeclaration fd = cd.vtbl[i].isFuncDeclaration();
                    if (fd && fd.isAbstract())
                    {
                        errorSupplemental(exp.loc, "function `%s` is not implemented",
                            fd.toFullSignature());
                    }
                }
                return setError();
            }
            // checkDeprecated() is already done in newtype.typeSemantic().

            if (cd.isNested())
            {
                /* We need a 'this' pointer for the nested class.
                 * Ensure we have the right one.
                 */
                Dsymbol s = cd.toParent2();

                //printf("cd isNested, parent = %s '%s'\n", s.kind(), s.toPrettyChars());
                if (auto cdn = s.isClassDeclaration())
                {
                    if (!cdthis)
                    {
                        // Supply an implicit 'this' and try again
                        exp.thisexp = new ThisExp(exp.loc);
                        for (Dsymbol sp = sc.parent; 1; sp = sp.parent)
                        {
                            if (!sp)
                            {
                                exp.error("outer class `%s` `this` needed to `new` nested class `%s`",
                                    cdn.toChars(), cd.toChars());
                                return setError();
                            }
                            ClassDeclaration cdp = sp.isClassDeclaration();
                            if (!cdp)
                                continue;
                            if (cdp == cdn || cdn.isBaseOf(cdp, null))
                                break;
                            // Add a '.outer' and try again
                            exp.thisexp = new DotIdExp(exp.loc, exp.thisexp, Id.outer);
                        }

                        exp.thisexp = exp.thisexp.expressionSemantic(sc);
                        if (exp.thisexp.op == TOK.error)
                            return setError();
                        cdthis = exp.thisexp.type.isClassHandle();
                    }
                    if (cdthis != cdn && !cdn.isBaseOf(cdthis, null))
                    {
                        //printf("cdthis = %s\n", cdthis.toChars());
                        exp.error("`this` for nested class must be of type `%s`, not `%s`",
                            cdn.toChars(), exp.thisexp.type.toChars());
                        return setError();
                    }
                    if (!MODimplicitConv(exp.thisexp.type.mod, exp.newtype.mod))
                    {
                        exp.error("nested type `%s` should have the same or weaker constancy as enclosing type `%s`",
                            exp.newtype.toChars(), exp.thisexp.type.toChars());
                        return setError();
                    }
                }
                else if (exp.thisexp)
                {
                    exp.error("`.new` is only for allocating nested classes");
                    return setError();
                }
                else if (auto fdn = s.isFuncDeclaration())
                {
                    // make sure the parent context fdn of cd is reachable from sc
                    if (!ensureStaticLinkTo(sc.parent, fdn))
                    {
                        exp.error("outer function context of `%s` is needed to `new` nested class `%s`",
                            fdn.toPrettyChars(), cd.toPrettyChars());
                        return setError();
                    }
                }
                else
                    assert(0);
            }
            else if (exp.thisexp)
            {
                exp.error("`.new` is only for allocating nested classes");
                return setError();
            }

            if (cd.aggNew)
            {
                // Prepend the size argument to newargs[]
                Expression e = new IntegerExp(exp.loc, cd.size(exp.loc), Type.tsize_t);
                if (!exp.newargs)
                    exp.newargs = new Expressions();
                exp.newargs.shift(e);

                FuncDeclaration f = resolveFuncCall(exp.loc, sc, cd.aggNew, null, tb, exp.newargs);
                if (!f || f.errors)
                    return setError();

                checkFunctionAttributes(exp, sc, f);
                checkAccess(cd, exp.loc, sc, f);

                TypeFunction tf = cast(TypeFunction)f.type;
                Type rettype;
                if (functionParameters(exp.loc, sc, tf, null, exp.newargs, f, &rettype, &newprefix))
                    return setError();

                exp.allocator = f.isNewDeclaration();
                assert(exp.allocator);
            }
            else
            {
                if (exp.newargs && exp.newargs.dim)
                {
                    exp.error("no allocator for `%s`", cd.toChars());
                    return setError();
                }
            }

            if (cd.ctor)
            {
                FuncDeclaration f = resolveFuncCall(exp.loc, sc, cd.ctor, null, tb, exp.arguments, 0);
                if (!f || f.errors)
                    return setError();

                checkFunctionAttributes(exp, sc, f);
                checkAccess(cd, exp.loc, sc, f);

                TypeFunction tf = cast(TypeFunction)f.type;
                if (!exp.arguments)
                    exp.arguments = new Expressions();
                if (functionParameters(exp.loc, sc, tf, exp.type, exp.arguments, f, &exp.type, &exp.argprefix))
                    return setError();

                exp.member = f.isCtorDeclaration();
                assert(exp.member);
            }
            else
            {
                if (nargs)
                {
                    exp.error("no constructor for `%s`", cd.toChars());
                    return setError();
                }
            }
        }
        else if (tb.ty == Tstruct)
        {
            auto sd = (cast(TypeStruct)tb).sym;
            sd.size(exp.loc);
            if (sd.sizeok != Sizeok.done)
                return setError();
            if (!sd.ctor)
                sd.ctor = sd.searchCtor();
            if (sd.noDefaultCtor && !nargs)
            {
                exp.error("default construction is disabled for type `%s`", sd.type.toChars());
                return setError();
            }
            // checkDeprecated() is already done in newtype.typeSemantic().

            if (sd.aggNew)
            {
                // Prepend the uint size argument to newargs[]
                Expression e = new IntegerExp(exp.loc, sd.size(exp.loc), Type.tsize_t);
                if (!exp.newargs)
                    exp.newargs = new Expressions();
                exp.newargs.shift(e);

                FuncDeclaration f = resolveFuncCall(exp.loc, sc, sd.aggNew, null, tb, exp.newargs);
                if (!f || f.errors)
                    return setError();

                checkFunctionAttributes(exp, sc, f);
                checkAccess(sd, exp.loc, sc, f);

                TypeFunction tf = cast(TypeFunction)f.type;
                Type rettype;
                if (functionParameters(exp.loc, sc, tf, null, exp.newargs, f, &rettype, &newprefix))
                    return setError();

                exp.allocator = f.isNewDeclaration();
                assert(exp.allocator);
            }
            else
            {
                if (exp.newargs && exp.newargs.dim)
                {
                    exp.error("no allocator for `%s`", sd.toChars());
                    return setError();
                }
            }

            if (sd.ctor && nargs)
            {
                FuncDeclaration f = resolveFuncCall(exp.loc, sc, sd.ctor, null, tb, exp.arguments, 0);
                if (!f || f.errors)
                    return setError();

                checkFunctionAttributes(exp, sc, f);
                checkAccess(sd, exp.loc, sc, f);

                TypeFunction tf = cast(TypeFunction)f.type;
                if (!exp.arguments)
                    exp.arguments = new Expressions();
                if (functionParameters(exp.loc, sc, tf, exp.type, exp.arguments, f, &exp.type, &exp.argprefix))
                    return setError();

                exp.member = f.isCtorDeclaration();
                assert(exp.member);

                if (checkFrameAccess(exp.loc, sc, sd, sd.fields.dim))
                    return setError();
            }
            else
            {
                if (!exp.arguments)
                    exp.arguments = new Expressions();

                if (!sd.fit(exp.loc, sc, exp.arguments, tb))
                    return setError();

                if (!sd.fill(exp.loc, exp.arguments, false))
                    return setError();

                if (checkFrameAccess(exp.loc, sc, sd, exp.arguments ? exp.arguments.dim : 0))
                    return setError();

                /* Since a `new` allocation may escape, check each of the arguments for escaping
                 */
                if (global.params.vsafe)
                {
                    foreach (arg; *exp.arguments)
                    {
                        if (arg && checkNewEscape(sc, arg, false))
                            return setError();
                    }
                }
            }

            exp.type = exp.type.pointerTo();
        }
        else if (tb.ty == Tarray && nargs)
        {
            Type tn = tb.nextOf().baseElemOf();
            Dsymbol s = tn.toDsymbol(sc);
            AggregateDeclaration ad = s ? s.isAggregateDeclaration() : null;
            if (ad && ad.noDefaultCtor)
            {
                exp.error("default construction is disabled for type `%s`", tb.nextOf().toChars());
                return setError();
            }
            for (size_t i = 0; i < nargs; i++)
            {
                if (tb.ty != Tarray)
                {
                    exp.error("too many arguments for array");
                    return setError();
                }

                Expression arg = (*exp.arguments)[i];
                arg = resolveProperties(sc, arg);
                arg = arg.implicitCastTo(sc, Type.tsize_t);
                arg = arg.optimize(WANTvalue);
                if (arg.op == TOK.int64 && cast(sinteger_t)arg.toInteger() < 0)
                {
                    exp.error("negative array index `%s`", arg.toChars());
                    return setError();
                }
                (*exp.arguments)[i] = arg;
                tb = (cast(TypeDArray)tb).next.toBasetype();
            }
        }
        else if (tb.isscalar())
        {
            if (!nargs)
            {
            }
            else if (nargs == 1)
            {
                Expression e = (*exp.arguments)[0];
                e = e.implicitCastTo(sc, tb);
                (*exp.arguments)[0] = e;
            }
            else
            {
                exp.error("more than one argument for construction of `%s`", exp.type.toChars());
                return setError();
            }

            exp.type = exp.type.pointerTo();
        }
        else
        {
            exp.error("new can only create structs, dynamic arrays or class objects, not `%s`'s", exp.type.toChars());
            return setError();
        }

        //printf("NewExp: '%s'\n", toChars());
        //printf("NewExp:type '%s'\n", type.toChars());
        semanticTypeInfo(sc, exp.type);

        if (newprefix)
        {
            result = Expression.combine(newprefix, exp);
            return;
        }
        result = exp;
    }

    override void visit(NewAnonClassExp e)
    {
        static if (LOGSEMANTIC)
        {
            printf("NewAnonClassExp::semantic() %s\n", e.toChars());
            //printf("thisexp = %p\n", thisexp);
            //printf("type: %s\n", type.toChars());
        }

        Expression d = new DeclarationExp(e.loc, e.cd);
        sc = sc.push(); // just create new scope
        sc.flags &= ~SCOPE.ctfe; // temporary stop CTFE
        d = d.expressionSemantic(sc);
        sc = sc.pop();

        if (!e.cd.errors && sc.intypeof && !sc.parent.inNonRoot())
        {
            ScopeDsymbol sds = sc.tinst ? cast(ScopeDsymbol)sc.tinst : sc._module;
            sds.members.push(e.cd);
        }

        Expression n = new NewExp(e.loc, e.thisexp, e.newargs, e.cd.type, e.arguments);

        Expression c = new CommaExp(e.loc, d, n);
        result = c.expressionSemantic(sc);
    }

    override void visit(SymOffExp e)
    {
        static if (LOGSEMANTIC)
        {
            printf("SymOffExp::semantic('%s')\n", e.toChars());
        }
        //var.dsymbolSemantic(sc);
        if (!e.type)
            e.type = e.var.type.pointerTo();

        if (auto v = e.var.isVarDeclaration())
        {
            if (v.checkNestedReference(sc, e.loc))
                return setError();
        }
        else if (auto f = e.var.isFuncDeclaration())
        {
            if (f.checkNestedReference(sc, e.loc))
                return setError();
        }

        result = e;
    }

    override void visit(VarExp e)
    {
        static if (LOGSEMANTIC)
        {
            printf("VarExp::semantic(%s)\n", e.toChars());
        }
        if (auto fd = e.var.isFuncDeclaration())
        {
            //printf("L%d fd = %s\n", __LINE__, f.toChars());
            if (!fd.functionSemantic())
                return setError();
        }

        if (!e.type)
            e.type = e.var.type;
        if (e.type && !e.type.deco)
            e.type = e.type.typeSemantic(e.loc, sc);

        /* Fix for 1161 doesn't work because it causes protection
         * problems when instantiating imported templates passing private
         * variables as alias template parameters.
         */
        //checkAccess(loc, sc, NULL, var);

        if (auto vd = e.var.isVarDeclaration())
        {
            if (vd.checkNestedReference(sc, e.loc))
                return setError();

            // https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=12025
            // If the variable is not actually used in runtime code,
            // the purity violation error is redundant.
            //checkPurity(sc, vd);
        }
        else if (auto fd = e.var.isFuncDeclaration())
        {
            // TODO: If fd isn't yet resolved its overload, the checkNestedReference
            // call would cause incorrect validation.
            // Maybe here should be moved in CallExp, or AddrExp for functions.
            if (fd.checkNestedReference(sc, e.loc))
                return setError();
        }
        else if (auto od = e.var.isOverDeclaration())
        {
            e.type = Type.tvoid; // ambiguous type?
        }

        result = e;
    }

    override void visit(FuncExp exp)
    {
        static if (LOGSEMANTIC)
        {
            printf("FuncExp::semantic(%s)\n", exp.toChars());
            if (exp.fd.treq)
                printf("  treq = %s\n", exp.fd.treq.toChars());
        }

        if (exp.type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        Expression e = exp;
        uint olderrors;

        sc = sc.push(); // just create new scope
        sc.flags &= ~SCOPE.ctfe; // temporary stop CTFE
        sc.protection = Prot(Prot.Kind.public_); // https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=12506

        /* fd.treq might be incomplete type,
            * so should not semantic it.
            * void foo(T)(T delegate(int) dg){}
            * foo(a=>a); // in IFTI, treq == T delegate(int)
            */
        //if (fd.treq)
        //    fd.treq = fd.treq.dsymbolSemantic(loc, sc);

        exp.genIdent(sc);

        // Set target of return type inference
        if (exp.fd.treq && !exp.fd.type.nextOf())
        {
            TypeFunction tfv = null;
            if (exp.fd.treq.ty == Tdelegate || (exp.fd.treq.ty == Tpointer && exp.fd.treq.nextOf().ty == Tfunction))
                tfv = cast(TypeFunction)exp.fd.treq.nextOf();
            if (tfv)
            {
                TypeFunction tfl = cast(TypeFunction)exp.fd.type;
                tfl.next = tfv.nextOf();
            }
        }

        //printf("td = %p, treq = %p\n", td, fd.treq);
        if (exp.td)
        {
            assert(exp.td.parameters && exp.td.parameters.dim);
            exp.td.dsymbolSemantic(sc);
            exp.type = Type.tvoid; // temporary type

            if (exp.fd.treq) // defer type determination
            {
                FuncExp fe;
                if (exp.matchType(exp.fd.treq, sc, &fe) > MATCH.nomatch)
                    e = fe;
                else
                    e = new ErrorExp();
            }
            goto Ldone;
        }

        olderrors = global.errors;
        exp.fd.dsymbolSemantic(sc);
        if (olderrors == global.errors)
        {
            exp.fd.semantic2(sc);
            if (olderrors == global.errors)
                exp.fd.semantic3(sc);
        }
        if (olderrors != global.errors)
        {
            if (exp.fd.type && exp.fd.type.ty == Tfunction && !exp.fd.type.nextOf())
                (cast(TypeFunction)exp.fd.type).next = Type.terror;
            e = new ErrorExp();
            goto Ldone;
        }

        // Type is a "delegate to" or "pointer to" the function literal
        if ((exp.fd.isNested() && exp.fd.tok == TOK.delegate_) || (exp.tok == TOK.reserved && exp.fd.treq && exp.fd.treq.ty == Tdelegate))
        {
            exp.type = new TypeDelegate(exp.fd.type);
            exp.type = exp.type.typeSemantic(exp.loc, sc);

            exp.fd.tok = TOK.delegate_;
        }
        else
        {
            exp.type = new TypePointer(exp.fd.type);
            exp.type = exp.type.typeSemantic(exp.loc, sc);
            //type = fd.type.pointerTo();

            /* A lambda expression deduced to function pointer might become
                * to a delegate literal implicitly.
                *
                *   auto foo(void function() fp) { return 1; }
                *   assert(foo({}) == 1);
                *
                * So, should keep fd.tok == TOKreserve if fd.treq == NULL.
                */
            if (exp.fd.treq && exp.fd.treq.ty == Tpointer)
            {
                // change to non-nested
                exp.fd.tok = TOK.function_;
                exp.fd.vthis = null;
            }
        }
        exp.fd.tookAddressOf++;

    Ldone:
        sc = sc.pop();
        result = e;
    }

    // used from CallExp::semantic()
    Expression callExpSemantic(FuncExp exp, Scope* sc, Expressions* arguments)
    {
        if ((!exp.type || exp.type == Type.tvoid) && exp.td && arguments && arguments.dim)
        {
            for (size_t k = 0; k < arguments.dim; k++)
            {
                Expression checkarg = (*arguments)[k];
                if (checkarg.op == TOK.error)
                    return checkarg;
            }

            exp.genIdent(sc);

            assert(exp.td.parameters && exp.td.parameters.dim);
            exp.td.dsymbolSemantic(sc);

            TypeFunction tfl = cast(TypeFunction)exp.fd.type;
            size_t dim = Parameter.dim(tfl.parameters);
            if (arguments.dim < dim)
            {
                // Default arguments are always typed, so they don't need inference.
                Parameter p = Parameter.getNth(tfl.parameters, arguments.dim);
                if (p.defaultArg)
                    dim = arguments.dim;
            }

            if ((!tfl.varargs && arguments.dim == dim) || (tfl.varargs && arguments.dim >= dim))
            {
                auto tiargs = new Objects();
                tiargs.reserve(exp.td.parameters.dim);

                for (size_t i = 0; i < exp.td.parameters.dim; i++)
                {
                    TemplateParameter tp = (*exp.td.parameters)[i];
                    for (size_t u = 0; u < dim; u++)
                    {
                        Parameter p = Parameter.getNth(tfl.parameters, u);
                        if (p.type.ty == Tident && (cast(TypeIdentifier)p.type).ident == tp.ident)
                        {
                            Expression e = (*arguments)[u];
                            tiargs.push(e.type);
                            u = dim; // break inner loop
                        }
                    }
                }

                auto ti = new TemplateInstance(exp.loc, exp.td, tiargs);
                return (new ScopeExp(exp.loc, ti)).expressionSemantic(sc);
            }
            exp.error("cannot infer function literal type");
            return new ErrorExp();
        }
        return exp.expressionSemantic(sc);
    }

    override void visit(CallExp exp)
    {
        static if (LOGSEMANTIC)
        {
            printf("CallExp::semantic() %s\n", exp.toChars());
        }
        if (exp.type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return; // semantic() already run
        }

        Type t1;
        Objects* tiargs = null; // initial list of template arguments
        Expression ethis = null;
        Type tthis = null;
        Expression e1org = exp.e1;

        if (exp.e1.op == TOK.comma)
        {
            /* Rewrite (a,b)(args) as (a,(b(args)))
             */
            auto ce = cast(CommaExp)exp.e1;
            exp.e1 = ce.e2;
            ce.e2 = exp;
            result = ce.expressionSemantic(sc);
            return;
        }
        if (exp.e1.op == TOK.delegate_)
        {
            DelegateExp de = cast(DelegateExp)exp.e1;
            exp.e1 = new DotVarExp(de.loc, de.e1, de.func, de.hasOverloads);
            visit(exp);
            return;
        }
        if (exp.e1.op == TOK.function_)
        {
            if (arrayExpressionSemantic(exp.arguments, sc) || preFunctionParameters(sc, exp.arguments))
                return setError();

            // Run e1 semantic even if arguments have any errors
            FuncExp fe = cast(FuncExp)exp.e1;
            exp.e1 = callExpSemantic(fe, sc, exp.arguments);
            if (exp.e1.op == TOK.error)
            {
                result = exp.e1;
                return;
            }
        }

        if (Expression ex = resolveUFCS(sc, exp))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }

        /* This recognizes:
         *  foo!(tiargs)(funcargs)
         */
        if (exp.e1.op == TOK.scope_)
        {
            ScopeExp se = cast(ScopeExp)exp.e1;
            TemplateInstance ti = se.sds.isTemplateInstance();
            if (ti)
            {
                /* Attempt to instantiate ti. If that works, go with it.
                 * If not, go with partial explicit specialization.
                 */
                WithScopeSymbol withsym;
                if (!ti.findTempDecl(sc, &withsym) || !ti.semanticTiargs(sc))
                    return setError();
                if (withsym && withsym.withstate.wthis)
                {
                    exp.e1 = new VarExp(exp.e1.loc, withsym.withstate.wthis);
                    exp.e1 = new DotTemplateInstanceExp(exp.e1.loc, exp.e1, ti);
                    goto Ldotti;
                }
                if (ti.needsTypeInference(sc, 1))
                {
                    /* Go with partial explicit specialization
                     */
                    tiargs = ti.tiargs;
                    assert(ti.tempdecl);
                    if (TemplateDeclaration td = ti.tempdecl.isTemplateDeclaration())
                        exp.e1 = new TemplateExp(exp.loc, td);
                    else if (OverDeclaration od = ti.tempdecl.isOverDeclaration())
                        exp.e1 = new VarExp(exp.loc, od);
                    else
                        exp.e1 = new OverExp(exp.loc, ti.tempdecl.isOverloadSet());
                }
                else
                {
                    Expression e1x = exp.e1.expressionSemantic(sc);
                    if (e1x.op == TOK.error)
                    {
                        result = e1x;
                        return;
                    }
                    exp.e1 = e1x;
                }
            }
        }

        /* This recognizes:
         *  expr.foo!(tiargs)(funcargs)
         */
    Ldotti:
        if (exp.e1.op == TOK.dotTemplateInstance && !exp.e1.type)
        {
            DotTemplateInstanceExp se = cast(DotTemplateInstanceExp)exp.e1;
            TemplateInstance ti = se.ti;
            {
                /* Attempt to instantiate ti. If that works, go with it.
                 * If not, go with partial explicit specialization.
                 */
                if (!se.findTempDecl(sc) || !ti.semanticTiargs(sc))
                    return setError();
                if (ti.needsTypeInference(sc, 1))
                {
                    /* Go with partial explicit specialization
                     */
                    tiargs = ti.tiargs;
                    assert(ti.tempdecl);
                    if (TemplateDeclaration td = ti.tempdecl.isTemplateDeclaration())
                        exp.e1 = new DotTemplateExp(exp.loc, se.e1, td);
                    else if (OverDeclaration od = ti.tempdecl.isOverDeclaration())
                    {
                        exp.e1 = new DotVarExp(exp.loc, se.e1, od, true);
                    }
                    else
                        exp.e1 = new DotExp(exp.loc, se.e1, new OverExp(exp.loc, ti.tempdecl.isOverloadSet()));
                }
                else
                {
                    Expression e1x = exp.e1.expressionSemantic(sc);
                    if (e1x.op == TOK.error)
                    {
                        result = e1x;
                        return;
                    }
                    exp.e1 = e1x;
                }
            }
        }

    Lagain:
        //printf("Lagain: %s\n", toChars());
        exp.f = null;
        if (exp.e1.op == TOK.this_ || exp.e1.op == TOK.super_)
        {
            // semantic() run later for these
        }
        else
        {
            if (exp.e1.op == TOK.dotIdentifier)
            {
                DotIdExp die = cast(DotIdExp)exp.e1;
                exp.e1 = die.expressionSemantic(sc);
                /* Look for e1 having been rewritten to expr.opDispatch!(string)
                 * We handle such earlier, so go back.
                 * Note that in the rewrite, we carefully did not run semantic() on e1
                 */
                if (exp.e1.op == TOK.dotTemplateInstance && !exp.e1.type)
                {
                    goto Ldotti;
                }
            }
            else
            {
                __gshared int nest;
                if (++nest > 500)
                {
                    exp.error("recursive evaluation of `%s`", exp.toChars());
                    --nest;
                    return setError();
                }
                Expression ex = unaSemantic(exp, sc);
                --nest;
                if (ex)
                {
                    result = ex;
                    return;
                }
            }

            /* Look for e1 being a lazy parameter
             */
            if (exp.e1.op == TOK.variable)
            {
                VarExp ve = cast(VarExp)exp.e1;
                if (ve.var.storage_class & STC.lazy_)
                {
                    // lazy parameters can be called without violating purity and safety
                    Type tw = ve.var.type;
                    Type tc = ve.var.type.substWildTo(MODFlags.const_);
                    auto tf = new TypeFunction(null, tc, 0, LINK.d, STC.safe | STC.pure_);
                    (tf = cast(TypeFunction)tf.typeSemantic(exp.loc, sc)).next = tw; // hack for bug7757
                    auto t = new TypeDelegate(tf);
                    ve.type = t.typeSemantic(exp.loc, sc);
                }
                VarDeclaration v = ve.var.isVarDeclaration();
                if (v && ve.checkPurity(sc, v))
                    return setError();
            }

            if (exp.e1.op == TOK.symbolOffset && (cast(SymOffExp)exp.e1).hasOverloads)
            {
                SymOffExp se = cast(SymOffExp)exp.e1;
                exp.e1 = new VarExp(se.loc, se.var, true);
                exp.e1 = exp.e1.expressionSemantic(sc);
            }
            else if (exp.e1.op == TOK.dot)
            {
                DotExp de = cast(DotExp)exp.e1;

                if (de.e2.op == TOK.overloadSet)
                {
                    ethis = de.e1;
                    tthis = de.e1.type;
                    exp.e1 = de.e2;
                }
            }
            else if (exp.e1.op == TOK.star && exp.e1.type.ty == Tfunction)
            {
                // Rewrite (*fp)(arguments) to fp(arguments)
                exp.e1 = (cast(PtrExp)exp.e1).e1;
            }
        }

        t1 = exp.e1.type ? exp.e1.type.toBasetype() : null;

        if (exp.e1.op == TOK.error)
        {
            result = exp.e1;
            return;
        }
        if (arrayExpressionSemantic(exp.arguments, sc) || preFunctionParameters(sc, exp.arguments))
            return setError();

        // Check for call operator overload
        if (t1)
        {
            if (t1.ty == Tstruct)
            {
                auto sd = (cast(TypeStruct)t1).sym;
                sd.size(exp.loc); // Resolve forward references to construct object
                if (sd.sizeok != Sizeok.done)
                    return setError();
                if (!sd.ctor)
                    sd.ctor = sd.searchCtor();

                // First look for constructor
                if (exp.e1.op == TOK.type && sd.ctor)
                {
                    if (!sd.noDefaultCtor && !(exp.arguments && exp.arguments.dim))
                        goto Lx;

                    auto sle = new StructLiteralExp(exp.loc, sd, null, exp.e1.type);
                    if (!sd.fill(exp.loc, sle.elements, true))
                        return setError();
                    if (checkFrameAccess(exp.loc, sc, sd, sle.elements.dim))
                        return setError();

                    // https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=14556
                    // Set concrete type to avoid further redundant semantic().
                    sle.type = exp.e1.type;

                    /* Constructor takes a mutable object, so don't use
                     * the immutable initializer symbol.
                     */
                    sle.useStaticInit = false;

                    Expression e = sle;
                    if (auto cf = sd.ctor.isCtorDeclaration())
                    {
                        e = new DotVarExp(exp.loc, e, cf, true);
                    }
                    else if (auto td = sd.ctor.isTemplateDeclaration())
                    {
                        e = new DotIdExp(exp.loc, e, td.ident);
                    }
                    else if (auto os = sd.ctor.isOverloadSet())
                    {
                        e = new DotExp(exp.loc, e, new OverExp(exp.loc, os));
                    }
                    else
                        assert(0);
                    e = new CallExp(exp.loc, e, exp.arguments);
                    e = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
                    result = e;
                    return;
                }
                // No constructor, look for overload of opCall
                if (search_function(sd, Id.call))
                    goto L1;
                // overload of opCall, therefore it's a call
                if (exp.e1.op != TOK.type)
                {
                    if (sd.aliasthis && exp.e1.type != exp.att1)
                    {
                        if (!exp.att1 && exp.e1.type.checkAliasThisRec())
                            exp.att1 = exp.e1.type;
                        exp.e1 = resolveAliasThis(sc, exp.e1);
                        goto Lagain;
                    }
                    exp.error("%s `%s` does not overload ()", sd.kind(), sd.toChars());
                    return setError();
                }

                /* It's a struct literal
                 */
            Lx:
                Expression e = new StructLiteralExp(exp.loc, sd, exp.arguments, exp.e1.type);
                e = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
                result = e;
                return;
            }
            else if (t1.ty == Tclass)
            {
            L1:
                // Rewrite as e1.call(arguments)
                Expression e = new DotIdExp(exp.loc, exp.e1, Id.call);
                e = new CallExp(exp.loc, e, exp.arguments);
                e = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
                result = e;
                return;
            }
            else if (exp.e1.op == TOK.type && t1.isscalar())
            {
                Expression e;

                // Make sure to use the the enum type itself rather than its
                // base type
                // https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=16346
                if (exp.e1.type.ty == Tenum)
                {
                    t1 = exp.e1.type;
                }

                if (!exp.arguments || exp.arguments.dim == 0)
                {
                    e = t1.defaultInitLiteral(exp.loc);
                }
                else if (exp.arguments.dim == 1)
                {
                    e = (*exp.arguments)[0];
                    e = e.implicitCastTo(sc, t1);
                    e = new CastExp(exp.loc, e, t1);
                }
                else
                {
                    exp.error("more than one argument for construction of `%s`", t1.toChars());
                    return setError();
                }
                e = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
                result = e;
                return;
            }
        }

        static FuncDeclaration resolveOverloadSet(Loc loc, Scope* sc,
            OverloadSet os, Objects* tiargs, Type tthis, Expressions* arguments)
        {
            FuncDeclaration f = null;
            foreach (s; os.a)
            {
                if (tiargs && s.isFuncDeclaration())
                    continue;
                if (auto f2 = resolveFuncCall(loc, sc, s, tiargs, tthis, arguments, 1))
                {
                    if (f2.errors)
                        return null;
                    if (f)
                    {
                        /* Error if match in more than one overload set,
                         * even if one is a 'better' match than the other.
                         */
                        ScopeDsymbol.multiplyDefined(loc, f, f2);
                    }
                    else
                        f = f2;
                }
            }
            if (!f)
                .error(loc, "no overload matches for `%s`", os.toChars());
            else if (f.errors)
                f = null;
            return f;
        }

        bool isSuper = false;
        if (exp.e1.op == TOK.dotVariable && t1.ty == Tfunction || exp.e1.op == TOK.dotTemplateDeclaration)
        {
            UnaExp ue = cast(UnaExp)exp.e1;

            Expression ue1 = ue.e1;
            Expression ue1old = ue1; // need for 'right this' check
            VarDeclaration v;
            if (ue1.op == TOK.variable && (v = (cast(VarExp)ue1).var.isVarDeclaration()) !is null && v.needThis())
            {
                ue.e1 = new TypeExp(ue1.loc, ue1.type);
                ue1 = null;
            }

            DotVarExp dve;
            DotTemplateExp dte;
            Dsymbol s;
            if (exp.e1.op == TOK.dotVariable)
            {
                dve = cast(DotVarExp)exp.e1;
                dte = null;
                s = dve.var;
                tiargs = null;
            }
            else
            {
                dve = null;
                dte = cast(DotTemplateExp)exp.e1;
                s = dte.td;
            }

            // Do overload resolution
            exp.f = resolveFuncCall(exp.loc, sc, s, tiargs, ue1 ? ue1.type : null, exp.arguments);
            if (!exp.f || exp.f.errors || exp.f.type.ty == Terror)
                return setError();

            if (exp.f.interfaceVirtual)
            {
                /* Cast 'this' to the type of the interface, and replace f with the interface's equivalent
                 */
                auto b = exp.f.interfaceVirtual;
                auto ad2 = b.sym;
                ue.e1 = ue.e1.castTo(sc, ad2.type.addMod(ue.e1.type.mod));
                ue.e1 = ue.e1.expressionSemantic(sc);
                ue1 = ue.e1;
                auto vi = exp.f.findVtblIndex(&ad2.vtbl, cast(int)ad2.vtbl.dim);
                assert(vi >= 0);
                exp.f = ad2.vtbl[vi].isFuncDeclaration();
                assert(exp.f);
            }
            if (exp.f.needThis())
            {
                AggregateDeclaration ad = exp.f.toParent2().isAggregateDeclaration();
                ue.e1 = getRightThis(exp.loc, sc, ad, ue.e1, exp.f);
                if (ue.e1.op == TOK.error)
                {
                    result = ue.e1;
                    return;
                }
                ethis = ue.e1;
                tthis = ue.e1.type;
                if (!(exp.f.type.ty == Tfunction && (cast(TypeFunction)exp.f.type).isscope))
                {
                    if (global.params.vsafe && checkParamArgumentEscape(sc, exp.f, Id.This, ethis, false))
                        return setError();
                }
            }

            /* Cannot call public functions from inside invariant
             * (because then the invariant would have infinite recursion)
             */
            if (sc.func && sc.func.isInvariantDeclaration() && ue.e1.op == TOK.this_ && exp.f.addPostInvariant())
            {
                exp.error("cannot call `public`/`export` function `%s` from invariant", exp.f.toChars());
                return setError();
            }

            checkFunctionAttributes(exp, sc, exp.f);
            checkAccess(exp.loc, sc, ue.e1, exp.f);
            if (!exp.f.needThis())
            {
                exp.e1 = Expression.combine(ue.e1, new VarExp(exp.loc, exp.f, false));
            }
            else
            {
                if (ue1old.checkRightThis(sc))
                    return setError();
                if (exp.e1.op == TOK.dotVariable)
                {
                    dve.var = exp.f;
                    exp.e1.type = exp.f.type;
                }
                else
                {
                    exp.e1 = new DotVarExp(exp.loc, dte.e1, exp.f, false);
                    exp.e1 = exp.e1.expressionSemantic(sc);
                    if (exp.e1.op == TOK.error)
                        return setError();
                    ue = cast(UnaExp)exp.e1;
                }
                version (none)
                {
                    printf("ue.e1 = %s\n", ue.e1.toChars());
                    printf("f = %s\n", exp.f.toChars());
                    printf("t = %s\n", t.toChars());
                    printf("e1 = %s\n", exp.e1.toChars());
                    printf("e1.type = %s\n", exp.e1.type.toChars());
                }

                // See if we need to adjust the 'this' pointer
                AggregateDeclaration ad = exp.f.isThis();
                ClassDeclaration cd = ue.e1.type.isClassHandle();
                if (ad && cd && ad.isClassDeclaration())
                {
                    if (ue.e1.op == TOK.dotType)
                    {
                        ue.e1 = (cast(DotTypeExp)ue.e1).e1;
                        exp.directcall = true;
                    }
                    else if (ue.e1.op == TOK.super_)
                        exp.directcall = true;
                    else if ((cd.storage_class & STC.final_) != 0) // https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=14211
                        exp.directcall = true;

                    if (ad != cd)
                    {
                        ue.e1 = ue.e1.castTo(sc, ad.type.addMod(ue.e1.type.mod));
                        ue.e1 = ue.e1.expressionSemantic(sc);
                    }
                }
            }
            // If we've got a pointer to a function then deference it
            // https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=16483
            if (exp.e1.type.ty == Tpointer && exp.e1.type.nextOf().ty == Tfunction)
            {
                Expression e = new PtrExp(exp.loc, exp.e1);
                e.type = exp.e1.type.nextOf();
                exp.e1 = e;
            }
            t1 = exp.e1.type;
        }
        else if (exp.e1.op == TOK.super_ || exp.e1.op == TOK.this_)
        {
            auto ad = sc.func ? sc.func.isThis() : null;
            auto cd = ad ? ad.isClassDeclaration() : null;

            isSuper = exp.e1.op == TOK.super_;
            if (isSuper)
            {
                // Base class constructor call
                if (!cd || !cd.baseClass || !sc.func.isCtorDeclaration())
                {
                    exp.error("super class constructor call must be in a constructor");
                    return setError();
                }
                if (!cd.baseClass.ctor)
                {
                    exp.error("no super class constructor for `%s`", cd.baseClass.toChars());
                    return setError();
                }
            }
            else
            {
                // `this` call expression must be inside a
                // constructor
                if (!ad || !sc.func.isCtorDeclaration())
                {
                    exp.error("constructor call must be in a constructor");
                    return setError();
                }

                // https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=18719
                // If `exp` is a call expression to another constructor
                // then it means that all struct/class fields will be
                // initialized after this call.
                foreach (ref field; sc.ctorflow.fieldinit)
                {
                    field.csx |= CSX.this_ctor | CSX.deprecate_18719;
                }
            }

            if (!sc.intypeof && !(sc.ctorflow.callSuper & CSX.halt))
            {
                if (sc.inLoop || sc.ctorflow.callSuper & CSX.label)
                    exp.error("constructor calls not allowed in loops or after labels");
                if (sc.ctorflow.callSuper & (CSX.super_ctor | CSX.this_ctor))
                    exp.error("multiple constructor calls");
                if ((sc.ctorflow.callSuper & CSX.return_) && !(sc.ctorflow.callSuper & CSX.any_ctor))
                    exp.error("an earlier `return` statement skips constructor");
                sc.ctorflow.callSuper |= CSX.any_ctor | (isSuper ? CSX.super_ctor : CSX.this_ctor);
            }

            tthis = ad.type.addMod(sc.func.type.mod);
            auto ctor = isSuper ? cd.baseClass.ctor : ad.ctor;
            if (auto os = ctor.isOverloadSet())
                exp.f = resolveOverloadSet(exp.loc, sc, os, null, tthis, exp.arguments);
            else
                exp.f = resolveFuncCall(exp.loc, sc, ctor, null, tthis, exp.arguments, 0);

            if (!exp.f || exp.f.errors)
                return setError();

            checkFunctionAttributes(exp, sc, exp.f);
            checkAccess(exp.loc, sc, null, exp.f);

            exp.e1 = new DotVarExp(exp.e1.loc, exp.e1, exp.f, false);
            exp.e1 = exp.e1.expressionSemantic(sc);
            t1 = exp.e1.type;

            // BUG: this should really be done by checking the static
            // call graph
            if (exp.f == sc.func)
            {
                exp.error("cyclic constructor call");
                return setError();
            }
        }
        else if (exp.e1.op == TOK.overloadSet)
        {
            auto os = (cast(OverExp)exp.e1).vars;
            exp.f = resolveOverloadSet(exp.loc, sc, os, tiargs, tthis, exp.arguments);
            if (!exp.f)
                return setError();
            if (ethis)
                exp.e1 = new DotVarExp(exp.loc, ethis, exp.f, false);
            else
                exp.e1 = new VarExp(exp.loc, exp.f, false);
            goto Lagain;
        }
        else if (!t1)
        {
            exp.error("function expected before `()`, not `%s`", exp.e1.toChars());
            return setError();
        }
        else if (t1.ty == Terror)
        {
            return setError();
        }
        else if (t1.ty != Tfunction)
        {
            TypeFunction tf;
            const(char)* p;
            Dsymbol s;
            exp.f = null;
            if (exp.e1.op == TOK.function_)
            {
                // function literal that direct called is always inferred.
                assert((cast(FuncExp)exp.e1).fd);
                exp.f = (cast(FuncExp)exp.e1).fd;
                tf = cast(TypeFunction)exp.f.type;
                p = "function literal";
            }
            else if (t1.ty == Tdelegate)
            {
                TypeDelegate td = cast(TypeDelegate)t1;
                assert(td.next.ty == Tfunction);
                tf = cast(TypeFunction)td.next;
                p = "delegate";
            }
            else if (t1.ty == Tpointer && (cast(TypePointer)t1).next.ty == Tfunction)
            {
                tf = cast(TypeFunction)(cast(TypePointer)t1).next;
                p = "function pointer";
            }
            else if (exp.e1.op == TOK.dotVariable && (cast(DotVarExp)exp.e1).var.isOverDeclaration())
            {
                DotVarExp dve = cast(DotVarExp)exp.e1;
                exp.f = resolveFuncCall(exp.loc, sc, dve.var, tiargs, dve.e1.type, exp.arguments, 2);
                if (!exp.f)
                    return setError();
                if (exp.f.needThis())
                {
                    dve.var = exp.f;
                    dve.type = exp.f.type;
                    dve.hasOverloads = false;
                    goto Lagain;
                }
                exp.e1 = new VarExp(dve.loc, exp.f, false);
                Expression e = new CommaExp(exp.loc, dve.e1, exp);
                result = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
                return;
            }
            else if (exp.e1.op == TOK.variable && (cast(VarExp)exp.e1).var.isOverDeclaration())
            {
                s = (cast(VarExp)exp.e1).var;
                goto L2;
            }
            else if (exp.e1.op == TOK.template_)
            {
                s = (cast(TemplateExp)exp.e1).td;
            L2:
                exp.f = resolveFuncCall(exp.loc, sc, s, tiargs, null, exp.arguments);
                if (!exp.f || exp.f.errors)
                    return setError();
                if (exp.f.needThis())
                {
                    if (hasThis(sc))
                    {
                        // Supply an implicit 'this', as in
                        //    this.ident
                        exp.e1 = new DotVarExp(exp.loc, (new ThisExp(exp.loc)).expressionSemantic(sc), exp.f, false);
                        goto Lagain;
                    }
                    else if (isNeedThisScope(sc, exp.f))
                    {
                        exp.error("need `this` for `%s` of type `%s`", exp.f.toChars(), exp.f.type.toChars());
                        return setError();
                    }
                }
                exp.e1 = new VarExp(exp.e1.loc, exp.f, false);
                goto Lagain;
            }
            else
            {
                exp.error("function expected before `()`, not `%s` of type `%s`", exp.e1.toChars(), exp.e1.type.toChars());
                return setError();
            }

            const(char)* failMessage;
            if (!tf.callMatch(null, exp.arguments, 0, &failMessage))
            {
                OutBuffer buf;
                buf.writeByte('(');
                argExpTypesToCBuffer(&buf, exp.arguments);
                buf.writeByte(')');
                if (tthis)
                    tthis.modToBuffer(&buf);

                //printf("tf = %s, args = %s\n", tf.deco, (*arguments)[0].type.deco);
                .error(exp.loc, "%s `%s%s` is not callable using argument types `%s`",
                    p, exp.e1.toChars(), parametersTypeToChars(tf.parameters, tf.varargs), buf.peekString());
                if (failMessage)
                    errorSupplemental(exp.loc, failMessage);
                return setError();
            }
            // Purity and safety check should run after testing arguments matching
            if (exp.f)
            {
                exp.checkPurity(sc, exp.f);
                exp.checkSafety(sc, exp.f);
                exp.checkNogc(sc, exp.f);
                if (exp.f.checkNestedReference(sc, exp.loc))
                    return setError();
            }
            else if (sc.func && sc.intypeof != 1 && !(sc.flags & SCOPE.ctfe))
            {
                bool err = false;
                if (!tf.purity && !(sc.flags & SCOPE.debug_) && sc.func.setImpure())
                {
                    exp.error("`pure` %s `%s` cannot call impure %s `%s`",
                        sc.func.kind(), sc.func.toPrettyChars(), p, exp.e1.toChars());
                    err = true;
                }
                if (!tf.isnogc && sc.func.setGC() && !(sc.flags & SCOPE.debug_) )
                {
                    exp.error("`@nogc` %s `%s` cannot call non-@nogc %s `%s`",
                        sc.func.kind(), sc.func.toPrettyChars(), p, exp.e1.toChars());
                    err = true;
                }
                if (tf.trust <= TRUST.system && sc.func.setUnsafe() && !(sc.flags & SCOPE.debug_))
                {
                    exp.error("`@safe` %s `%s` cannot call `@system` %s `%s`",
                        sc.func.kind(), sc.func.toPrettyChars(), p, exp.e1.toChars());
                    err = true;
                }
                if (err)
                    return setError();
            }

            if (t1.ty == Tpointer)
            {
                Expression e = new PtrExp(exp.loc, exp.e1);
                e.type = tf;
                exp.e1 = e;
            }
            t1 = tf;
        }
        else if (exp.e1.op == TOK.variable)
        {
            // Do overload resolution
            VarExp ve = cast(VarExp)exp.e1;

            exp.f = ve.var.isFuncDeclaration();
            assert(exp.f);
            tiargs = null;

            if (exp.f.overnext)
                exp.f = resolveFuncCall(exp.loc, sc, exp.f, tiargs, null, exp.arguments, 2);
            else
            {
                exp.f = exp.f.toAliasFunc();
                TypeFunction tf = cast(TypeFunction)exp.f.type;
                const(char)* failMessage;
                if (!tf.callMatch(null, exp.arguments, 0, &failMessage))
                {
                    OutBuffer buf;
                    buf.writeByte('(');
                    argExpTypesToCBuffer(&buf, exp.arguments);
                    buf.writeByte(')');

                    //printf("tf = %s, args = %s\n", tf.deco, (*arguments)[0].type.deco);
                    .error(exp.loc, "%s `%s%s` is not callable using argument types `%s`",
                        exp.f.kind(), exp.f.toPrettyChars(), parametersTypeToChars(tf.parameters, tf.varargs), buf.peekString());
                    if (failMessage)
                        errorSupplemental(exp.loc, failMessage);
                    exp.f = null;
                }
            }
            if (!exp.f || exp.f.errors)
                return setError();

            if (exp.f.needThis())
            {
                // Change the ancestor lambdas to delegate before hasThis(sc) call.
                if (exp.f.checkNestedReference(sc, exp.loc))
                    return setError();

                if (hasThis(sc))
                {
                    // Supply an implicit 'this', as in
                    //    this.ident
                    exp.e1 = new DotVarExp(exp.loc, (new ThisExp(exp.loc)).expressionSemantic(sc), ve.var);
                    // Note: we cannot use f directly, because further overload resolution
                    // through the supplied 'this' may cause different result.
                    goto Lagain;
                }
                else if (isNeedThisScope(sc, exp.f))
                {
                    exp.error("need `this` for `%s` of type `%s`", exp.f.toChars(), exp.f.type.toChars());
                    return setError();
                }
            }

            checkFunctionAttributes(exp, sc, exp.f);
            checkAccess(exp.loc, sc, null, exp.f);
            if (exp.f.checkNestedReference(sc, exp.loc))
                return setError();

            ethis = null;
            tthis = null;

            if (ve.hasOverloads)
            {
                exp.e1 = new VarExp(ve.loc, exp.f, false);
                exp.e1.type = exp.f.type;
            }
            t1 = exp.f.type;
        }
        assert(t1.ty == Tfunction);

        Expression argprefix;
        if (!exp.arguments)
            exp.arguments = new Expressions();
        if (functionParameters(exp.loc, sc, cast(TypeFunction)t1, tthis, exp.arguments, exp.f, &exp.type, &argprefix))
            return setError();

        if (!exp.type)
        {
            exp.e1 = e1org; // https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=10922
                        // avoid recursive expression printing
            exp.error("forward reference to inferred return type of function call `%s`", exp.toChars());
            return setError();
        }

        if (exp.f && exp.f.tintro)
        {
            Type t = exp.type;
            int offset = 0;
            TypeFunction tf = cast(TypeFunction)exp.f.tintro;
            if (tf.next.isBaseOf(t, &offset) && offset)
            {
                exp.type = tf.next;
                result = Expression.combine(argprefix, exp.castTo(sc, t));
                return;
            }
        }

        // Handle the case of a direct lambda call
        if (exp.f && exp.f.isFuncLiteralDeclaration() && sc.func && !sc.intypeof)
        {
            exp.f.tookAddressOf = 0;
        }

        result = Expression.combine(argprefix, exp);

        if (isSuper)
        {
            auto ad = sc.func ? sc.func.isThis() : null;
            auto cd = ad ? ad.isClassDeclaration() : null;
            if (cd && cd.classKind == ClassKind.cpp && exp.f && !exp.f.fbody)
            {
                // if super is defined in C++, it sets the vtable pointer to the base class
                // so we have to restore it, but still return 'this' from super() call:
                // (auto __vptrTmp = this.__vptr, auto __superTmp = super()), (this.__vptr = __vptrTmp, __superTmp)
                Loc loc = exp.loc;

                auto vptr = new DotIdExp(loc, new ThisExp(loc), Id.__vptr);
                auto vptrTmpDecl = copyToTemp(0, "__vptrTmp", vptr);
                auto declareVptrTmp = new DeclarationExp(loc, vptrTmpDecl);

                auto superTmpDecl = copyToTemp(0, "__superTmp", result);
                auto declareSuperTmp = new DeclarationExp(loc, superTmpDecl);

                auto declareTmps = new CommaExp(loc, declareVptrTmp, declareSuperTmp);

                auto restoreVptr = new AssignExp(loc, vptr.syntaxCopy(), new VarExp(loc, vptrTmpDecl));

                Expression e = new CommaExp(loc, declareTmps, new CommaExp(loc, restoreVptr, new VarExp(loc, superTmpDecl)));
                result = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
            }
        }
    }

    override void visit(DeclarationExp e)
    {
        if (e.type)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }
        static if (LOGSEMANTIC)
        {
            printf("DeclarationExp::semantic() %s\n", e.toChars());
        }

        uint olderrors = global.errors;

        /* This is here to support extern(linkage) declaration,
         * where the extern(linkage) winds up being an AttribDeclaration
         * wrapper.
         */
        Dsymbol s = e.declaration;

        while (1)
        {
            AttribDeclaration ad = s.isAttribDeclaration();
            if (ad)
            {
                if (ad.decl && ad.decl.dim == 1)
                {
                    s = (*ad.decl)[0];
                    continue;
                }
            }
            break;
        }

        VarDeclaration v = s.isVarDeclaration();
        if (v)
        {
            // Do semantic() on initializer first, so:
            //      int a = a;
            // will be illegal.
            e.declaration.dsymbolSemantic(sc);
            s.parent = sc.parent;
        }

        //printf("inserting '%s' %p into sc = %p\n", s.toChars(), s, sc);
        // Insert into both local scope and function scope.
        // Must be unique in both.
        if (s.ident)
        {
            if (!sc.insert(s))
            {
                e.error("declaration `%s` is already defined", s.toPrettyChars());
                return setError();
            }
            else if (sc.func)
            {
                // https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=11720
                // include Dataseg variables
                if ((s.isFuncDeclaration() ||
                     s.isAggregateDeclaration() ||
                     s.isEnumDeclaration() ||
                     v && v.isDataseg()) && !sc.func.localsymtab.insert(s))
                {
                    // https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=18266
                    // set parent so that type semantic does not assert
                    s.parent = sc.parent;
                    Dsymbol originalSymbol = sc.func.localsymtab.lookup(s.ident);
                    assert(originalSymbol);
                    e.error("declaration `%s` is already defined in another scope in `%s` at line `%d`", s.toPrettyChars(), sc.func.toChars(), originalSymbol.loc.linnum);
                    return setError();
                }
                else
                {
                    // Disallow shadowing
                    for (Scope* scx = sc.enclosing; scx && scx.func == sc.func; scx = scx.enclosing)
                    {
                        Dsymbol s2;
                        if (scx.scopesym && scx.scopesym.symtab && (s2 = scx.scopesym.symtab.lookup(s.ident)) !is null && s != s2)
                        {
                            // allow STC.local symbols to be shadowed
                            // TODO: not really an optimal design
                            auto decl = s2.isDeclaration();
                            if (!decl || !(decl.storage_class & STC.local))
                            {
                                e.error("%s `%s` is shadowing %s `%s`", s.kind(), s.ident.toChars(), s2.kind(), s2.toPrettyChars());
                                return setError();
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        if (!s.isVarDeclaration())
        {
            Scope* sc2 = sc;
            if (sc2.stc & (STC.pure_ | STC.nothrow_ | STC.nogc))
                sc2 = sc.push();
            sc2.stc &= ~(STC.pure_ | STC.nothrow_ | STC.nogc);
            e.declaration.dsymbolSemantic(sc2);
            if (sc2 != sc)
                sc2.pop();
            s.parent = sc.parent;
        }
        if (global.errors == olderrors)
        {
            e.declaration.semantic2(sc);
            if (global.errors == olderrors)
            {
                e.declaration.semantic3(sc);
            }
        }
        // todo: error in declaration should be propagated.

        e.type = Type.tvoid;
        result = e;
    }

    override void visit(TypeidExp exp)
    {
        static if (LOGSEMANTIC)
        {
            printf("TypeidExp::semantic() %s\n", exp.toChars());
        }
        Type ta = isType(exp.obj);
        Expression ea = isExpression(exp.obj);
        Dsymbol sa = isDsymbol(exp.obj);
        //printf("ta %p ea %p sa %p\n", ta, ea, sa);

        if (ta)
        {
            dmd.typesem.resolve(ta, exp.loc, sc, &ea, &ta, &sa, true);
        }

        if (ea)
        {
            if (auto sym = getDsymbol(ea))
                ea = symbolToExp(sym, exp.loc, sc, false);
            else
                ea = ea.expressionSemantic(sc);
            ea = resolveProperties(sc, ea);
            ta = ea.type;
            if (ea.op == TOK.type)
                ea = null;
        }

        if (!ta)
        {
            //printf("ta %p ea %p sa %p\n", ta, ea, sa);
            exp.error("no type for `typeid(%s)`", ea ? ea.toChars() : (sa ? sa.toChars() : ""));
            return setError();
        }

        if (global.params.vcomplex)
            ta.checkComplexTransition(exp.loc, sc);

        Expression e;
        auto tb = ta.toBasetype();
        if (ea && tb.ty == Tclass)
        {
            if (tb.toDsymbol(sc).isClassDeclaration().classKind == ClassKind.cpp)
            {
                error(exp.loc, "Runtime type information is not supported for `extern(C++)` classes");
                e = new ErrorExp();
            }
            else
            {
                /* Get the dynamic type, which is .classinfo
                */
                ea = ea.expressionSemantic(sc);
                e = new TypeidExp(ea.loc, ea);
                e.type = Type.typeinfoclass.type;
            }
        }
        else if (ta.ty == Terror)
        {
            e = new ErrorExp();
        }
        else
        {
            // Handle this in the glue layer
            e = new TypeidExp(exp.loc, ta);
            e.type = getTypeInfoType(exp.loc, ta, sc);

            semanticTypeInfo(sc, ta);

            if (ea)
            {
                e = new CommaExp(exp.loc, ea, e); // execute ea
                e = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
            }
        }
        result = e;
    }

    override void visit(TraitsExp e)
    {
        result = semanticTraits(e, sc);
    }

    override void visit(HaltExp e)
    {
        static if (LOGSEMANTIC)
        {
            printf("HaltExp::semantic()\n");
        }
        e.type = Type.tvoid;
        result = e;
    }

    override void visit(IsExp e)
    {
        /* is(targ id tok tspec)
         * is(targ id :  tok2)
         * is(targ id == tok2)
         */

        //printf("IsExp::semantic(%s)\n", toChars());
        if (e.id && !(sc.flags & SCOPE.condition))
        {
            e.error("can only declare type aliases within `static if` conditionals or `static assert`s");
            return setError();
        }

        Type tded = null;
        Scope* sc2 = sc.copy(); // keep sc.flags
        sc2.tinst = null;
        sc2.minst = null;
        sc2.flags |= SCOPE.fullinst;
        Type t = e.targ.trySemantic(e.loc, sc2);
        sc2.pop();
        if (!t)
            goto Lno;
        // errors, so condition is false
        e.targ = t;
        if (e.tok2 != TOK.reserved)
        {
            switch (e.tok2)
            {
            case TOK.struct_:
                if (e.targ.ty != Tstruct)
                    goto Lno;
                if ((cast(TypeStruct)e.targ).sym.isUnionDeclaration())
                    goto Lno;
                tded = e.targ;
                break;

            case TOK.union_:
                if (e.targ.ty != Tstruct)
                    goto Lno;
                if (!(cast(TypeStruct)e.targ).sym.isUnionDeclaration())
                    goto Lno;
                tded = e.targ;
                break;

            case TOK.class_:
                if (e.targ.ty != Tclass)
                    goto Lno;
                if ((cast(TypeClass)e.targ).sym.isInterfaceDeclaration())
                    goto Lno;
                tded = e.targ;
                break;

            case TOK.interface_:
                if (e.targ.ty != Tclass)
                    goto Lno;
                if (!(cast(TypeClass)e.targ).sym.isInterfaceDeclaration())
                    goto Lno;
                tded = e.targ;
                break;

            case TOK.const_:
                if (!e.targ.isConst())
                    goto Lno;
                tded = e.targ;
                break;

            case TOK.immutable_:
                if (!e.targ.isImmutable())
                    goto Lno;
                tded = e.targ;
                break;

            case TOK.shared_:
                if (!e.targ.isShared())
                    goto Lno;
                tded = e.targ;
                break;

            case TOK.inout_:
                if (!e.targ.isWild())
                    goto Lno;
                tded = e.targ;
                break;

            case TOK.super_:
                // If class or interface, get the base class and interfaces
                if (e.targ.ty != Tclass)
                    goto Lno;
                else
                {
                    ClassDeclaration cd = (cast(TypeClass)e.targ).sym;
                    auto args = new Parameters();
                    args.reserve(cd.baseclasses.dim);
                    if (cd.semanticRun < PASS.semanticdone)
                        cd.dsymbolSemantic(null);
                    for (size_t i = 0; i < cd.baseclasses.dim; i++)
                    {
                        BaseClass* b = (*cd.baseclasses)[i];
                        args.push(new Parameter(STC.in_, b.type, null, null, null));
                    }
                    tded = new TypeTuple(args);
                }
                break;

            case TOK.enum_:
                if (e.targ.ty != Tenum)
                    goto Lno;
                if (e.id)
                    tded = (cast(TypeEnum)e.targ).sym.getMemtype(e.loc);
                else
                    tded = e.targ;

                if (tded.ty == Terror)
                    return setError();
                break;

            case TOK.delegate_:
                if (e.targ.ty != Tdelegate)
                    goto Lno;
                tded = (cast(TypeDelegate)e.targ).next; // the underlying function type
                break;

            case TOK.function_:
            case TOK.parameters:
                {
                    if (e.targ.ty != Tfunction)
                        goto Lno;
                    tded = e.targ;

                    /* Generate tuple from function parameter types.
                     */
                    assert(tded.ty == Tfunction);
                    Parameters* params = (cast(TypeFunction)tded).parameters;
                    size_t dim = Parameter.dim(params);
                    auto args = new Parameters();
                    args.reserve(dim);
                    for (size_t i = 0; i < dim; i++)
                    {
                        Parameter arg = Parameter.getNth(params, i);
                        assert(arg && arg.type);
                        /* If one of the default arguments was an error,
                           don't return an invalid tuple
                         */
                        if (e.tok2 == TOK.parameters && arg.defaultArg && arg.defaultArg.op == TOK.error)
                            return setError();
                        args.push(new Parameter(arg.storageClass, arg.type, (e.tok2 == TOK.parameters) ? arg.ident : null, (e.tok2 == TOK.parameters) ? arg.defaultArg : null, arg.userAttribDecl));
                    }
                    tded = new TypeTuple(args);
                    break;
                }
            case TOK.return_:
                /* Get the 'return type' for the function,
                 * delegate, or pointer to function.
                 */
                if (e.targ.ty == Tfunction)
                    tded = (cast(TypeFunction)e.targ).next;
                else if (e.targ.ty == Tdelegate)
                {
                    tded = (cast(TypeDelegate)e.targ).next;
                    tded = (cast(TypeFunction)tded).next;
                }
                else if (e.targ.ty == Tpointer && (cast(TypePointer)e.targ).next.ty == Tfunction)
                {
                    tded = (cast(TypePointer)e.targ).next;
                    tded = (cast(TypeFunction)tded).next;
                }
                else
                    goto Lno;
                break;

            case TOK.argumentTypes:
                /* Generate a type tuple of the equivalent types used to determine if a
                 * function argument of this type can be passed in registers.
                 * The results of this are highly platform dependent, and intended
                 * primarly for use in implementing va_arg().
                 */
                tded = Target.toArgTypes(e.targ);
                if (!tded)
                    goto Lno;
                // not valid for a parameter
                break;

            case TOK.vector:
                if (e.targ.ty != Tvector)
                    goto Lno;
                tded = (cast(TypeVector)e.targ).basetype;
                break;

            default:
                assert(0);
            }

            // https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=18753
            if (tded)
                goto Lyes;
            goto Lno;
        }
        else if (e.tspec && !e.id && !(e.parameters && e.parameters.dim))
        {
            /* Evaluate to true if targ matches tspec
             * is(targ == tspec)
             * is(targ : tspec)
             */
            e.tspec = e.tspec.typeSemantic(e.loc, sc);
            //printf("targ  = %s, %s\n", targ.toChars(), targ.deco);
            //printf("tspec = %s, %s\n", tspec.toChars(), tspec.deco);

            if (e.tok == TOK.colon)
            {
                if (e.targ.implicitConvTo(e.tspec))
                    goto Lyes;
                else
                    goto Lno;
            }
            else /* == */
            {
                if (e.targ.equals(e.tspec))
                    goto Lyes;
                else
                    goto Lno;
            }
        }
        else if (e.tspec)
        {
            /* Evaluate to true if targ matches tspec.
             * If true, declare id as an alias for the specialized type.
             * is(targ == tspec, tpl)
             * is(targ : tspec, tpl)
             * is(targ id == tspec)
             * is(targ id : tspec)
             * is(targ id == tspec, tpl)
             * is(targ id : tspec, tpl)
             */
            Identifier tid = e.id ? e.id : Identifier.generateId("__isexp_id");
            e.parameters.insert(0, new TemplateTypeParameter(e.loc, tid, null, null));

            Objects dedtypes = Objects(e.parameters.dim);
            dedtypes.zero();

            MATCH m = deduceType(e.targ, sc, e.tspec, e.parameters, &dedtypes, null, 0, e.tok == TOK.equal);
            //printf("targ: %s\n", targ.toChars());
            //printf("tspec: %s\n", tspec.toChars());
            if (m <= MATCH.nomatch || (m != MATCH.exact && e.tok == TOK.equal))
            {
                goto Lno;
            }
            else
            {
                tded = cast(Type)dedtypes[0];
                if (!tded)
                    tded = e.targ;
                Objects tiargs = Objects(1);
                tiargs[0] = e.targ;

                /* Declare trailing parameters
                 */
                for (size_t i = 1; i < e.parameters.dim; i++)
                {
                    TemplateParameter tp = (*e.parameters)[i];
                    Declaration s = null;

                    m = tp.matchArg(e.loc, sc, &tiargs, i, e.parameters, &dedtypes, &s);
                    if (m <= MATCH.nomatch)
                        goto Lno;
                    s.dsymbolSemantic(sc);
                    if (!sc.insert(s))
                        e.error("declaration `%s` is already defined", s.toChars());

                    unSpeculative(sc, s);
                }
                goto Lyes;
            }
        }
        else if (e.id)
        {
            /* Declare id as an alias for type targ. Evaluate to true
             * is(targ id)
             */
            tded = e.targ;
            goto Lyes;
        }

    Lyes:
        if (e.id)
        {
            Dsymbol s;
            Tuple tup = isTuple(tded);
            if (tup)
                s = new TupleDeclaration(e.loc, e.id, &tup.objects);
            else
                s = new AliasDeclaration(e.loc, e.id, tded);
            s.dsymbolSemantic(sc);

            /* The reason for the !tup is unclear. It fails Phobos unittests if it is not there.
             * More investigation is needed.
             */
            if (!tup && !sc.insert(s))
                e.error("declaration `%s` is already defined", s.toChars());

            unSpeculative(sc, s);
        }
        //printf("Lyes\n");
        result = new IntegerExp(e.loc, 1, Type.tbool);
        return;

    Lno:
        //printf("Lno\n");
        result = new IntegerExp(e.loc, 0, Type.tbool);
    }

    override void visit(BinAssignExp exp)
    {
        if (exp.type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        Expression e = exp.op_overload(sc);
        if (e)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        if (exp.e1.op == TOK.arrayLength)
        {
            // arr.length op= e2;
            e = rewriteOpAssign(exp);
            e = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
            result = e;
            return;
        }
        if (exp.e1.op == TOK.slice || exp.e1.type.ty == Tarray || exp.e1.type.ty == Tsarray)
        {
            if (checkNonAssignmentArrayOp(exp.e1))
                return setError();

            if (exp.e1.op == TOK.slice)
                (cast(SliceExp)exp.e1).arrayop = true;

            // T[] op= ...
            if (exp.e2.implicitConvTo(exp.e1.type.nextOf()))
            {
                // T[] op= T
                exp.e2 = exp.e2.castTo(sc, exp.e1.type.nextOf());
            }
            else if (Expression ex = typeCombine(exp, sc))
            {
                result = ex;
                return;
            }
            exp.type = exp.e1.type;
            result = arrayOp(exp, sc);
            return;
        }

        exp.e1 = exp.e1.expressionSemantic(sc);
        exp.e1 = exp.e1.optimize(WANTvalue);
        exp.e1 = exp.e1.modifiableLvalue(sc, exp.e1);
        exp.type = exp.e1.type;

        if (auto ad = isAggregate(exp.e1.type))
        {
            if (const s = search_function(ad, Id.opOpAssign))
            {
                error(exp.loc, "none of the `opOpAssign` overloads of `%s` are callable for `%s` of type `%s`", ad.toChars(), exp.e1.toChars(), exp.e1.type.toChars());
                return setError();
            }
        }
        if (exp.e1.checkScalar() || exp.e1.checkReadModifyWrite(exp.op, exp.e2))
            return setError();

        int arith = (exp.op == TOK.addAssign || exp.op == TOK.minAssign || exp.op == TOK.mulAssign || exp.op == TOK.divAssign || exp.op == TOK.modAssign || exp.op == TOK.powAssign);
        int bitwise = (exp.op == TOK.andAssign || exp.op == TOK.orAssign || exp.op == TOK.xorAssign);
        int shift = (exp.op == TOK.leftShiftAssign || exp.op == TOK.rightShiftAssign || exp.op == TOK.unsignedRightShiftAssign);

        if (bitwise && exp.type.toBasetype().ty == Tbool)
            exp.e2 = exp.e2.implicitCastTo(sc, exp.type);
        else if (exp.checkNoBool())
            return setError();

        if ((exp.op == TOK.addAssign || exp.op == TOK.minAssign) && exp.e1.type.toBasetype().ty == Tpointer && exp.e2.type.toBasetype().isintegral())
        {
            result = scaleFactor(exp, sc);
            return;
        }

        if (Expression ex = typeCombine(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }

        if (arith && exp.checkArithmeticBin())
            return setError();
        if ((bitwise || shift) && exp.checkIntegralBin())
            return setError();

        if (shift)
        {
            if (exp.e2.type.toBasetype().ty != Tvector)
                exp.e2 = exp.e2.castTo(sc, Type.tshiftcnt);
        }

        if (!Target.isVectorOpSupported(exp.type.toBasetype(), exp.op, exp.e2.type.toBasetype()))
        {
            result = exp.incompatibleTypes();
            return;
        }

        if (exp.e1.op == TOK.error || exp.e2.op == TOK.error)
            return setError();

        e = exp.checkOpAssignTypes(sc);
        if (e.op == TOK.error)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        assert(e.op == TOK.assign || e == exp);
        result = (cast(BinExp)e).reorderSettingAAElem(sc);
    }

    private Expression compileIt(CompileExp exp)
    {
        OutBuffer buf;
        if (expressionsToString(buf, sc, exp.exps))
            return null;

        uint errors = global.errors;
        const len = buf.offset;
        const str = buf.extractString()[0 .. len];
        scope p = new Parser!ASTCodegen(exp.loc, sc._module, str, false);
        p.nextToken();
        //printf("p.loc.linnum = %d\n", p.loc.linnum);

        Expression e = p.parseExpression();
        if (p.errors)
        {
            assert(global.errors != errors); // should have caught all these cases
            return null;
        }
        if (p.token.value != TOK.endOfFile)
        {
            exp.error("incomplete mixin expression `%s`", str.ptr);
            return null;
        }
        return e;
    }

    override void visit(CompileExp exp)
    {
        /* https://dlang.org/spec/expression.html#mixin_expressions
         */

        static if (LOGSEMANTIC)
        {
            printf("CompileExp::semantic('%s')\n", exp.toChars());
        }

        auto e = compileIt(exp);
        if (!e)
            return setError();
        result = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
    }

    override void visit(ImportExp e)
    {
        static if (LOGSEMANTIC)
        {
            printf("ImportExp::semantic('%s')\n", e.toChars());
        }

        auto se = semanticString(sc, e.e1, "file name argument");
        if (!se)
            return setError();
        se = se.toUTF8(sc);

        auto namez = se.toStringz().ptr;
        if (!global.params.fileImppath)
        {
            e.error("need `-J` switch to import text file `%s`", namez);
            return setError();
        }

        /* Be wary of CWE-22: Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory
         * ('Path Traversal') attacks.
         * http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/22.html
         */

        auto name = FileName.safeSearchPath(global.filePath, namez);
        if (!name)
        {
            e.error("file `%s` cannot be found or not in a path specified with `-J`", se.toChars());
            return setError();
        }

        sc._module.contentImportedFiles.push(name);
        if (global.params.verbose)
            message("file      %.*s\t(%s)", cast(int)se.len, se.string, name);
        if (global.params.moduleDeps !is null)
        {
            OutBuffer* ob = global.params.moduleDeps;
            Module imod = sc.instantiatingModule();

            if (!global.params.moduleDepsFile)
                ob.writestring("depsFile ");
            ob.writestring(imod.toPrettyChars());
            ob.writestring(" (");
            escapePath(ob, imod.srcfile.toChars());
            ob.writestring(") : ");
            if (global.params.moduleDepsFile)
                ob.writestring("string : ");
            ob.write(se.string, se.len);
            ob.writestring(" (");
            escapePath(ob, name);
            ob.writestring(")");
            ob.writenl();
        }

        {
            auto f = File(name);
            if (f.read())
            {
                e.error("cannot read file `%s`", f.toChars());
                return setError();
            }
            else
            {
                f._ref = 1;
                se = new StringExp(e.loc, f.buffer, f.len);
            }
        }
        result = se.expressionSemantic(sc);
    }

    override void visit(AssertExp exp)
    {
        // https://dlang.org/spec/expression.html#assert_expressions
        static if (LOGSEMANTIC)
        {
            printf("AssertExp::semantic('%s')\n", exp.toChars());
        }

        if (Expression ex = unaSemantic(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }
        exp.e1 = resolveProperties(sc, exp.e1);
        // BUG: see if we can do compile time elimination of the Assert
        exp.e1 = exp.e1.optimize(WANTvalue);
        exp.e1 = exp.e1.toBoolean(sc);

        if (exp.msg)
        {
            exp.msg = exp.msg.expressionSemantic(sc);
            exp.msg = resolveProperties(sc, exp.msg);
            exp.msg = exp.msg.implicitCastTo(sc, Type.tchar.constOf().arrayOf());
            exp.msg = exp.msg.optimize(WANTvalue);
        }

        if (exp.e1.op == TOK.error)
        {
            result = exp.e1;
            return;
        }
        if (exp.msg && exp.msg.op == TOK.error)
        {
            result = exp.msg;
            return;
        }

        auto f1 = checkNonAssignmentArrayOp(exp.e1);
        auto f2 = exp.msg && checkNonAssignmentArrayOp(exp.msg);
        if (f1 || f2)
            return setError();

        if (exp.e1.isBool(false))
        {
            /* This is an `assert(0)` which means halt program execution
             */
            FuncDeclaration fd = sc.parent.isFuncDeclaration();
            if (fd)
                fd.hasReturnExp |= 4;
            sc.ctorflow.orCSX(CSX.halt);

            if (global.params.useAssert == CHECKENABLE.off)
            {
                Expression e = new HaltExp(exp.loc);
                e = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
                result = e;
                return;
            }
        }
        exp.type = Type.tvoid;
        result = exp;
    }

    override void visit(DotIdExp exp)
    {
        static if (LOGSEMANTIC)
        {
            printf("DotIdExp::semantic(this = %p, '%s')\n", exp, exp.toChars());
            //printf("e1.op = %d, '%s'\n", e1.op, Token::toChars(e1.op));
        }
        Expression e = exp.semanticY(sc, 1);
        if (e && isDotOpDispatch(e))
        {
            uint errors = global.startGagging();
            e = resolvePropertiesX(sc, e);
            if (global.endGagging(errors))
                e = null; /* fall down to UFCS */
            else
            {
                result = e;
                return;
            }
        }
        if (!e) // if failed to find the property
        {
            /* If ident is not a valid property, rewrite:
             *   e1.ident
             * as:
             *   .ident(e1)
             */
            e = resolveUFCSProperties(sc, exp);
        }
        result = e;
    }

    override void visit(DotTemplateExp e)
    {
        if (Expression ex = unaSemantic(e, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }
        result = e;
    }

    override void visit(DotVarExp exp)
    {
        static if (LOGSEMANTIC)
        {
            printf("DotVarExp::semantic('%s')\n", exp.toChars());
        }
        if (exp.type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        exp.var = exp.var.toAlias().isDeclaration();

        exp.e1 = exp.e1.expressionSemantic(sc);

        if (auto tup = exp.var.isTupleDeclaration())
        {
            /* Replace:
             *  e1.tuple(a, b, c)
             * with:
             *  tuple(e1.a, e1.b, e1.c)
             */
            Expression e0;
            Expression ev = sc.func ? extractSideEffect(sc, "__tup", e0, exp.e1) : exp.e1;

            auto exps = new Expressions();
            exps.reserve(tup.objects.dim);
            for (size_t i = 0; i < tup.objects.dim; i++)
            {
                RootObject o = (*tup.objects)[i];
                Expression e;
                if (o.dyncast() == DYNCAST.expression)
                {
                    e = cast(Expression)o;
                    if (e.op == TOK.dSymbol)
                    {
                        Dsymbol s = (cast(DsymbolExp)e).s;
                        e = new DotVarExp(exp.loc, ev, s.isDeclaration());
                    }
                }
                else if (o.dyncast() == DYNCAST.dsymbol)
                {
                    e = new DsymbolExp(exp.loc, cast(Dsymbol)o);
                }
                else if (o.dyncast() == DYNCAST.type)
                {
                    e = new TypeExp(exp.loc, cast(Type)o);
                }
                else
                {
                    exp.error("`%s` is not an expression", o.toChars());
                    return setError();
                }
                exps.push(e);
            }

            Expression e = new TupleExp(exp.loc, e0, exps);
            e = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        exp.e1 = exp.e1.addDtorHook(sc);

        Type t1 = exp.e1.type;

        if (FuncDeclaration fd = exp.var.isFuncDeclaration())
        {
            // for functions, do checks after overload resolution
            if (!fd.functionSemantic())
                return setError();

            /* https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=13843
             * If fd obviously has no overloads, we should
             * normalize AST, and it will give a chance to wrap fd with FuncExp.
             */
            if (fd.isNested() || fd.isFuncLiteralDeclaration())
            {
                // (e1, fd)
                auto e = symbolToExp(fd, exp.loc, sc, false);
                result = Expression.combine(exp.e1, e);
                return;
            }

            exp.type = fd.type;
            assert(exp.type);
        }
        else if (OverDeclaration od = exp.var.isOverDeclaration())
        {
            exp.type = Type.tvoid; // ambiguous type?
        }
        else
        {
            exp.type = exp.var.type;
            if (!exp.type && global.errors) // var is goofed up, just return error.
                return setError();
            assert(exp.type);

            if (t1.ty == Tpointer)
                t1 = t1.nextOf();

            exp.type = exp.type.addMod(t1.mod);

            Dsymbol vparent = exp.var.toParent();
            AggregateDeclaration ad = vparent ? vparent.isAggregateDeclaration() : null;
            if (Expression e1x = getRightThis(exp.loc, sc, ad, exp.e1, exp.var, 1))
                exp.e1 = e1x;
            else
            {
                /* Later checkRightThis will report correct error for invalid field variable access.
                 */
                Expression e = new VarExp(exp.loc, exp.var);
                e = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
                result = e;
                return;
            }
            checkAccess(exp.loc, sc, exp.e1, exp.var);

            VarDeclaration v = exp.var.isVarDeclaration();
            if (v && (v.isDataseg() || (v.storage_class & STC.manifest)))
            {
                Expression e = expandVar(WANTvalue, v);
                if (e)
                {
                    result = e;
                    return;
                }
            }

            if (v && v.isDataseg()) // fix https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=8238
            {
                // (e1, v)
                checkAccess(exp.loc, sc, exp.e1, v);
                Expression e = new VarExp(exp.loc, v);
                e = new CommaExp(exp.loc, exp.e1, e);
                e = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
                result = e;
                return;
            }
        }
        //printf("-DotVarExp::semantic('%s')\n", toChars());
        result = exp;
    }

    override void visit(DotTemplateInstanceExp exp)
    {
        static if (LOGSEMANTIC)
        {
            printf("DotTemplateInstanceExp::semantic('%s')\n", exp.toChars());
        }
        // Indicate we need to resolve by UFCS.
        Expression e = exp.semanticY(sc, 1);
        if (!e)
            e = resolveUFCSProperties(sc, exp);
        result = e;
    }

    override void visit(DelegateExp e)
    {
        static if (LOGSEMANTIC)
        {
            printf("DelegateExp::semantic('%s')\n", e.toChars());
        }
        if (e.type)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        e.e1 = e.e1.expressionSemantic(sc);

        e.type = new TypeDelegate(e.func.type);
        e.type = e.type.typeSemantic(e.loc, sc);

        FuncDeclaration f = e.func.toAliasFunc();
        AggregateDeclaration ad = f.toParent().isAggregateDeclaration();
        if (f.needThis())
            e.e1 = getRightThis(e.loc, sc, ad, e.e1, f);

        /* A delegate takes the address of e.e1 in order to set the .ptr field
         * https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=18575
         */
        if (global.params.vsafe && e.e1.type.toBasetype().ty == Tstruct)
        {
            if (auto v = expToVariable(e.e1))
            {
                if (!checkAddressVar(sc, e, v))
                    return setError();
            }
        }

        if (f.type.ty == Tfunction)
        {
            TypeFunction tf = cast(TypeFunction)f.type;
            if (!MODmethodConv(e.e1.type.mod, f.type.mod))
            {
                OutBuffer thisBuf, funcBuf;
                MODMatchToBuffer(&thisBuf, e.e1.type.mod, tf.mod);
                MODMatchToBuffer(&funcBuf, tf.mod, e.e1.type.mod);
                e.error("%smethod `%s` is not callable using a %s`%s`",
                    funcBuf.peekString(), f.toPrettyChars(), thisBuf.peekString(), e.e1.toChars());
                return setError();
            }
        }
        if (ad && ad.isClassDeclaration() && ad.type != e.e1.type)
        {
            // A downcast is required for interfaces
            // https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=3706
            e.e1 = new CastExp(e.loc, e.e1, ad.type);
            e.e1 = e.e1.expressionSemantic(sc);
        }
        result = e;
    }

    override void visit(DotTypeExp exp)
    {
        static if (LOGSEMANTIC)
        {
            printf("DotTypeExp::semantic('%s')\n", exp.toChars());
        }
        if (exp.type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        if (auto e = unaSemantic(exp, sc))
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        exp.type = exp.sym.getType().addMod(exp.e1.type.mod);
        result = exp;
    }

    override void visit(AddrExp exp)
    {
        static if (LOGSEMANTIC)
        {
            printf("AddrExp::semantic('%s')\n", exp.toChars());
        }
        if (exp.type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        if (Expression ex = unaSemantic(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }

        int wasCond = exp.e1.op == TOK.question;

        if (exp.e1.op == TOK.dotTemplateInstance)
        {
            DotTemplateInstanceExp dti = cast(DotTemplateInstanceExp)exp.e1;
            TemplateInstance ti = dti.ti;
            {
                //assert(ti.needsTypeInference(sc));
                ti.dsymbolSemantic(sc);
                if (!ti.inst || ti.errors) // if template failed to expand
                    return setError();

                Dsymbol s = ti.toAlias();
                FuncDeclaration f = s.isFuncDeclaration();
                if (f)
                {
                    exp.e1 = new DotVarExp(exp.e1.loc, dti.e1, f);
                    exp.e1 = exp.e1.expressionSemantic(sc);
                }
            }
        }
        else if (exp.e1.op == TOK.scope_)
        {
            TemplateInstance ti = (cast(ScopeExp)exp.e1).sds.isTemplateInstance();
            if (ti)
            {
                //assert(ti.needsTypeInference(sc));
                ti.dsymbolSemantic(sc);
                if (!ti.inst || ti.errors) // if template failed to expand
                    return setError();

                Dsymbol s = ti.toAlias();
                FuncDeclaration f = s.isFuncDeclaration();
                if (f)
                {
                    exp.e1 = new VarExp(exp.e1.loc, f);
                    exp.e1 = exp.e1.expressionSemantic(sc);
                }
            }
        }
        exp.e1 = exp.e1.toLvalue(sc, null);
        if (exp.e1.op == TOK.error)
        {
            result = exp.e1;
            return;
        }
        if (checkNonAssignmentArrayOp(exp.e1))
            return setError();

        if (!exp.e1.type)
        {
            exp.error("cannot take address of `%s`", exp.e1.toChars());
            return setError();
        }

        bool hasOverloads;
        if (auto f = isFuncAddress(exp, &hasOverloads))
        {
            if (!hasOverloads && f.checkForwardRef(exp.loc))
                return setError();
        }
        else if (!exp.e1.type.deco)
        {
            if (exp.e1.op == TOK.variable)
            {
                VarExp ve = cast(VarExp)exp.e1;
                Declaration d = ve.var;
                exp.error("forward reference to %s `%s`", d.kind(), d.toChars());
            }
            else
                exp.error("forward reference to `%s`", exp.e1.toChars());
            return setError();
        }

        exp.type = exp.e1.type.pointerTo();

        // See if this should really be a delegate
        if (exp.e1.op == TOK.dotVariable)
        {
            DotVarExp dve = cast(DotVarExp)exp.e1;
            FuncDeclaration f = dve.var.isFuncDeclaration();
            if (f)
            {
                f = f.toAliasFunc(); // FIXME, should see overloads
                                     // https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1983
                if (!dve.hasOverloads)
                    f.tookAddressOf++;

                Expression e;
                if (f.needThis())
                    e = new DelegateExp(exp.loc, dve.e1, f, dve.hasOverloads);
                else // It is a function pointer. Convert &v.f() --> (v, &V.f())
                    e = new CommaExp(exp.loc, dve.e1, new AddrExp(exp.loc, new VarExp(exp.loc, f, dve.hasOverloads)));
                e = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
                result = e;
                return;
            }

            // Look for misaligned pointer in @safe mode
            if (checkUnsafeAccess(sc, dve, !exp.type.isMutable(), true))
                return setError();

            if (global.params.vsafe)
            {
                if (VarDeclaration v = expToVariable(dve.e1))
                {
                    if (!checkAddressVar(sc, exp, v))
                        return setError();
                }
            }
        }
        else if (exp.e1.op == TOK.variable)
        {
            VarExp ve = cast(VarExp)exp.e1;
            VarDeclaration v = ve.var.isVarDeclaration();
            if (v)
            {
                if (!checkAddressVar(sc, exp, v))
                    return setError();

                ve.checkPurity(sc, v);
            }
            FuncDeclaration f = ve.var.isFuncDeclaration();
            if (f)
            {
                /* Because nested functions cannot be overloaded,
                 * mark here that we took its address because castTo()
                 * may not be called with an exact match.
                 */
                if (!ve.hasOverloads || f.isNested())
                    f.tookAddressOf++;
                if (f.isNested())
                {
                    if (f.isFuncLiteralDeclaration())
                    {
                        if (!f.FuncDeclaration.isNested())
                        {
                            /* Supply a 'null' for a this pointer if no this is available
                             */
                            Expression e = new DelegateExp(exp.loc, new NullExp(exp.loc, Type.tnull), f, ve.hasOverloads);
                            e = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
                            result = e;
                            return;
                        }
                    }
                    Expression e = new DelegateExp(exp.loc, exp.e1, f, ve.hasOverloads);
                    e = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
                    result = e;
                    return;
                }
                if (f.needThis())
                {
                    if (hasThis(sc))
                    {
                        /* Should probably supply 'this' after overload resolution,
                         * not before.
                         */
                        Expression ethis = new ThisExp(exp.loc);
                        Expression e = new DelegateExp(exp.loc, ethis, f, ve.hasOverloads);
                        e = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
                        result = e;
                        return;
                    }
                    if (sc.func && !sc.intypeof)
                    {
                        if (sc.func.setUnsafe() && !(sc.flags & SCOPE.debug_))
                        {
                            exp.error("`this` reference necessary to take address of member `%s` in `@safe` function `%s`", f.toChars(), sc.func.toChars());
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        else if ((exp.e1.op == TOK.this_ || exp.e1.op == TOK.super_) && global.params.vsafe)
        {
            if (VarDeclaration v = expToVariable(exp.e1))
            {
                if (!checkAddressVar(sc, exp, v))
                    return setError();
            }
        }
        else if (exp.e1.op == TOK.call)
        {
            CallExp ce = cast(CallExp)exp.e1;
            if (ce.e1.type.ty == Tfunction)
            {
                TypeFunction tf = cast(TypeFunction)ce.e1.type;
                if (tf.isref && sc.func && !sc.intypeof && sc.func.setUnsafe() && !(sc.flags & SCOPE.debug_))
                {
                    exp.error("cannot take address of `ref return` of `%s()` in `@safe` function `%s`",
                        ce.e1.toChars(), sc.func.toChars());
                }
            }
        }
        else if (exp.e1.op == TOK.index)
        {
            /* For:
             *   int[3] a;
             *   &a[i]
             * check 'a' the same as for a regular variable
             */
            if (VarDeclaration v = expToVariable(exp.e1))
            {
                if (global.params.vsafe && !checkAddressVar(sc, exp, v))
                    return setError();

                exp.e1.checkPurity(sc, v);
            }
        }
        else if (wasCond)
        {
            /* a ? b : c was transformed to *(a ? &b : &c), but we still
             * need to do safety checks
             */
            assert(exp.e1.op == TOK.star);
            PtrExp pe = cast(PtrExp)exp.e1;
            assert(pe.e1.op == TOK.question);
            CondExp ce = cast(CondExp)pe.e1;
            assert(ce.e1.op == TOK.address);
            assert(ce.e2.op == TOK.address);

            // Re-run semantic on the address expressions only
            ce.e1.type = null;
            ce.e1 = ce.e1.expressionSemantic(sc);
            ce.e2.type = null;
            ce.e2 = ce.e2.expressionSemantic(sc);
        }
        result = exp.optimize(WANTvalue);
    }

    override void visit(PtrExp exp)
    {
        static if (LOGSEMANTIC)
        {
            printf("PtrExp::semantic('%s')\n", exp.toChars());
        }
        if (exp.type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        Expression e = exp.op_overload(sc);
        if (e)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        Type tb = exp.e1.type.toBasetype();
        switch (tb.ty)
        {
        case Tpointer:
            exp.type = (cast(TypePointer)tb).next;
            break;

        case Tsarray:
        case Tarray:
            if (isNonAssignmentArrayOp(exp.e1))
                goto default;
            exp.error("using `*` on an array is no longer supported; use `*(%s).ptr` instead", exp.e1.toChars());
            exp.type = (cast(TypeArray)tb).next;
            exp.e1 = exp.e1.castTo(sc, exp.type.pointerTo());
            break;

        case Terror:
            return setError();

        default:
            exp.error("can only `*` a pointer, not a `%s`", exp.e1.type.toChars());
            goto case Terror;
        }

        if (exp.checkValue())
            return setError();

        result = exp;
    }

    override void visit(NegExp exp)
    {
        static if (LOGSEMANTIC)
        {
            printf("NegExp::semantic('%s')\n", exp.toChars());
        }
        if (exp.type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        Expression e = exp.op_overload(sc);
        if (e)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        fix16997(sc, exp);
        exp.type = exp.e1.type;
        Type tb = exp.type.toBasetype();
        if (tb.ty == Tarray || tb.ty == Tsarray)
        {
            if (!isArrayOpValid(exp.e1))
            {
                result = arrayOpInvalidError(exp);
                return;
            }
            result = exp;
            return;
        }
        if (!Target.isVectorOpSupported(tb, exp.op))
        {
            result = exp.incompatibleTypes();
            return;
        }
        if (exp.e1.checkNoBool())
            return setError();
        if (exp.e1.checkArithmetic())
            return setError();

        result = exp;
    }

    override void visit(UAddExp exp)
    {
        static if (LOGSEMANTIC)
        {
            printf("UAddExp::semantic('%s')\n", exp.toChars());
        }
        assert(!exp.type);

        Expression e = exp.op_overload(sc);
        if (e)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        fix16997(sc, exp);
        if (!Target.isVectorOpSupported(exp.e1.type.toBasetype(), exp.op))
        {
            result = exp.incompatibleTypes();
            return;
        }
        if (exp.e1.checkNoBool())
            return setError();
        if (exp.e1.checkArithmetic())
            return setError();

        result = exp.e1;
    }

    override void visit(ComExp exp)
    {
        if (exp.type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        Expression e = exp.op_overload(sc);
        if (e)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        fix16997(sc, exp);
        exp.type = exp.e1.type;
        Type tb = exp.type.toBasetype();
        if (tb.ty == Tarray || tb.ty == Tsarray)
        {
            if (!isArrayOpValid(exp.e1))
            {
                result = arrayOpInvalidError(exp);
                return;
            }
            result = exp;
            return;
        }
        if (!Target.isVectorOpSupported(tb, exp.op))
        {
            result = exp.incompatibleTypes();
            return;
        }
        if (exp.e1.checkNoBool())
            return setError();
        if (exp.e1.checkIntegral())
            return setError();

        result = exp;
    }

    override void visit(NotExp e)
    {
        if (e.type)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        e.setNoderefOperand();

        // Note there is no operator overload
        if (Expression ex = unaSemantic(e, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }

        // for static alias this: https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=17684
        if (e.e1.op == TOK.type)
            e.e1 = resolveAliasThis(sc, e.e1);

        e.e1 = resolveProperties(sc, e.e1);
        e.e1 = e.e1.toBoolean(sc);
        if (e.e1.type == Type.terror)
        {
            result = e.e1;
            return;
        }

        if (!Target.isVectorOpSupported(e.e1.type.toBasetype(), e.op))
        {
            result = e.incompatibleTypes();
        }
        // https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=13910
        // Today NotExp can take an array as its operand.
        if (checkNonAssignmentArrayOp(e.e1))
            return setError();

        e.type = Type.tbool;
        result = e;
    }

    override void visit(DeleteExp exp)
    {
        if (!sc.isDeprecated)
        {
            // @@@DEPRECATED_2019-02@@@
            // 1. Deprecation for 1 year
            // 2. Error for 1 year
            // 3. Removal of keyword, "delete" can be used for other identities
            if (!exp.isRAII)
                deprecation(exp.loc, "The `delete` keyword has been deprecated.  Use `object.destroy()` (and `core.memory.GC.free()` if applicable) instead.");
        }

        if (Expression ex = unaSemantic(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }
        exp.e1 = resolveProperties(sc, exp.e1);
        exp.e1 = exp.e1.modifiableLvalue(sc, null);
        if (exp.e1.op == TOK.error)
        {
            result = exp.e1;
            return;
        }
        exp.type = Type.tvoid;

        AggregateDeclaration ad = null;
        Type tb = exp.e1.type.toBasetype();
        switch (tb.ty)
        {
        case Tclass:
            {
                auto cd = (cast(TypeClass)tb).sym;
                if (cd.isCOMinterface())
                {
                    /* Because COM classes are deleted by IUnknown.Release()
                     */
                    exp.error("cannot `delete` instance of COM interface `%s`", cd.toChars());
                    return setError();
                }
                ad = cd;
                break;
            }
        case Tpointer:
            tb = (cast(TypePointer)tb).next.toBasetype();
            if (tb.ty == Tstruct)
            {
                ad = (cast(TypeStruct)tb).sym;
                auto f = ad.aggDelete;
                auto fd = ad.dtor;
                if (!f)
                {
                    semanticTypeInfo(sc, tb);
                    break;
                }

                /* Construct:
                 *      ea = copy e1 to a tmp to do side effects only once
                 *      eb = call destructor
                 *      ec = call deallocator
                 */
                Expression ea = null;
                Expression eb = null;
                Expression ec = null;
                VarDeclaration v = null;
                if (fd && f)
                {
                    v = copyToTemp(0, "__tmpea", exp.e1);
                    v.dsymbolSemantic(sc);
                    ea = new DeclarationExp(exp.loc, v);
                    ea.type = v.type;
                }
                if (fd)
                {
                    Expression e = ea ? new VarExp(exp.loc, v) : exp.e1;
                    e = new DotVarExp(Loc.initial, e, fd, false);
                    eb = new CallExp(exp.loc, e);
                    eb = eb.expressionSemantic(sc);
                }
                if (f)
                {
                    Type tpv = Type.tvoid.pointerTo();
                    Expression e = ea ? new VarExp(exp.loc, v) : exp.e1.castTo(sc, tpv);
                    e = new CallExp(exp.loc, new VarExp(exp.loc, f, false), e);
                    ec = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
                }
                ea = Expression.combine(ea, eb, ec);
                assert(ea);
                result = ea;
                return;
            }
            break;

        case Tarray:
            {
                Type tv = tb.nextOf().baseElemOf();
                if (tv.ty == Tstruct)
                {
                    ad = (cast(TypeStruct)tv).sym;
                    if (ad.dtor)
                        semanticTypeInfo(sc, ad.type);
                }
                break;
            }
        default:
            exp.error("cannot delete type `%s`", exp.e1.type.toChars());
            return setError();
        }

        bool err = false;
        if (ad)
        {
            if (ad.dtor)
            {
                err |= exp.checkPurity(sc, ad.dtor);
                err |= exp.checkSafety(sc, ad.dtor);
                err |= exp.checkNogc(sc, ad.dtor);
            }
            if (ad.aggDelete && tb.ty != Tarray)
            {
                err |= exp.checkPurity(sc, ad.aggDelete);
                err |= exp.checkSafety(sc, ad.aggDelete);
                err |= exp.checkNogc(sc, ad.aggDelete);
            }
            if (err)
                return setError();
        }

        if (!sc.intypeof && sc.func &&
            !exp.isRAII &&
            sc.func.setUnsafe() && !(sc.flags & SCOPE.debug_))
        {
            exp.error("`%s` is not `@safe` but is used in `@safe` function `%s`", exp.toChars(), sc.func.toChars());
            err = true;
        }
        if (err)
            return setError();

        result = exp;
    }

    override void visit(CastExp exp)
    {
        static if (LOGSEMANTIC)
        {
            printf("CastExp::semantic('%s')\n", exp.toChars());
        }
        //static int x; assert(++x < 10);
        if (exp.type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        if (exp.to)
        {
            exp.to = exp.to.typeSemantic(exp.loc, sc);
            if (exp.to == Type.terror)
                return setError();

            if (!exp.to.hasPointers())
                exp.setNoderefOperand();

            // When e1 is a template lambda, this cast may instantiate it with
            // the type 'to'.
            exp.e1 = inferType(exp.e1, exp.to);
        }

        if (auto e = unaSemantic(exp, sc))
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }
        auto e1x = resolveProperties(sc, exp.e1);
        if (e1x.op == TOK.error)
        {
            result = e1x;
            return;
        }
        if (e1x.checkType())
            return setError();
        exp.e1 = e1x;

        if (!exp.e1.type)
        {
            exp.error("cannot cast `%s`", exp.e1.toChars());
            return setError();
        }

        if (!exp.to) // Handle cast(const) and cast(immutable), etc.
        {
            exp.to = exp.e1.type.castMod(exp.mod);
            exp.to = exp.to.typeSemantic(exp.loc, sc);
            if (exp.to == Type.terror)
                return setError();
        }

        if (exp.to.ty == Ttuple)
        {
            exp.error("cannot cast `%s` to tuple type `%s`", exp.e1.toChars(), exp.to.toChars());
            return setError();
        }

        // cast(void) is used to mark e1 as unused, so it is safe
        if (exp.to.ty == Tvoid)
        {
            exp.type = exp.to;
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        if (!exp.to.equals(exp.e1.type) && exp.mod == cast(ubyte)~0)
        {
            if (Expression e = exp.op_overload(sc))
            {
                result = e.implicitCastTo(sc, exp.to);
                return;
            }
        }

        Type t1b = exp.e1.type.toBasetype();
        Type tob = exp.to.toBasetype();

        if (tob.ty == Tstruct && !tob.equals(t1b))
        {
            /* Look to replace:
             *  cast(S)t
             * with:
             *  S(t)
             */

            // Rewrite as to.call(e1)
            Expression e = new TypeExp(exp.loc, exp.to);
            e = new CallExp(exp.loc, e, exp.e1);
            e = e.trySemantic(sc);
            if (e)
            {
                result = e;
                return;
            }
        }

        if (!t1b.equals(tob) && (t1b.ty == Tarray || t1b.ty == Tsarray))
        {
            if (checkNonAssignmentArrayOp(exp.e1))
                return setError();
        }

        // Look for casting to a vector type
        if (tob.ty == Tvector && t1b.ty != Tvector)
        {
            result = new VectorExp(exp.loc, exp.e1, exp.to);
            return;
        }

        Expression ex = exp.e1.castTo(sc, exp.to);
        if (ex.op == TOK.error)
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }

        // Check for unsafe casts
        if (sc.func && !sc.intypeof &&
            !isSafeCast(ex, t1b, tob) &&
            sc.func.setUnsafe() && !(sc.flags & SCOPE.debug_))
        {
            exp.error("cast from `%s` to `%s` not allowed in safe code", exp.e1.type.toChars(), exp.to.toChars());
            return setError();
        }

        result = ex;
    }

    override void visit(VectorExp exp)
    {
        static if (LOGSEMANTIC)
        {
            printf("VectorExp::semantic('%s')\n", exp.toChars());
        }
        if (exp.type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        exp.e1 = exp.e1.expressionSemantic(sc);
        exp.type = exp.to.typeSemantic(exp.loc, sc);
        if (exp.e1.op == TOK.error || exp.type.ty == Terror)
        {
            result = exp.e1;
            return;
        }

        Type tb = exp.type.toBasetype();
        assert(tb.ty == Tvector);
        TypeVector tv = cast(TypeVector)tb;
        Type te = tv.elementType();
        exp.dim = cast(int)(tv.size(exp.loc) / te.size(exp.loc));

        bool checkElem(Expression elem)
        {
            if (elem.isConst() == 1)
                return false;

             exp.error("constant expression expected, not `%s`", elem.toChars());
             return true;
        }

        exp.e1 = exp.e1.optimize(WANTvalue);
        bool res;
        if (exp.e1.op == TOK.arrayLiteral)
        {
            foreach (i; 0 .. exp.dim)
            {
                // Do not stop on first error - check all AST nodes even if error found
                res |= checkElem((cast(ArrayLiteralExp)exp.e1).getElement(i));
            }
        }
        else if (exp.e1.type.ty == Tvoid)
            checkElem(exp.e1);

        result = res ? new ErrorExp() : exp;
    }

    override void visit(SliceExp exp)
    {
        static if (LOGSEMANTIC)
        {
            printf("SliceExp::semantic('%s')\n", exp.toChars());
        }
        if (exp.type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        // operator overloading should be handled in ArrayExp already.
        if (Expression ex = unaSemantic(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }
        exp.e1 = resolveProperties(sc, exp.e1);
        if (exp.e1.op == TOK.type && exp.e1.type.ty != Ttuple)
        {
            if (exp.lwr || exp.upr)
            {
                exp.error("cannot slice type `%s`", exp.e1.toChars());
                return setError();
            }
            Expression e = new TypeExp(exp.loc, exp.e1.type.arrayOf());
            result = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
            return;
        }
        if (!exp.lwr && !exp.upr)
        {
            if (exp.e1.op == TOK.arrayLiteral)
            {
                // Convert [a,b,c][] to [a,b,c]
                Type t1b = exp.e1.type.toBasetype();
                Expression e = exp.e1;
                if (t1b.ty == Tsarray)
                {
                    e = e.copy();
                    e.type = t1b.nextOf().arrayOf();
                }
                result = e;
                return;
            }
            if (exp.e1.op == TOK.slice)
            {
                // Convert e[][] to e[]
                SliceExp se = cast(SliceExp)exp.e1;
                if (!se.lwr && !se.upr)
                {
                    result = se;
                    return;
                }
            }
            if (isArrayOpOperand(exp.e1))
            {
                // Convert (a[]+b[])[] to a[]+b[]
                result = exp.e1;
                return;
            }
        }
        if (exp.e1.op == TOK.error)
        {
            result = exp.e1;
            return;
        }
        if (exp.e1.type.ty == Terror)
            return setError();

        Type t1b = exp.e1.type.toBasetype();
        if (t1b.ty == Tpointer)
        {
            if ((cast(TypePointer)t1b).next.ty == Tfunction)
            {
                exp.error("cannot slice function pointer `%s`", exp.e1.toChars());
                return setError();
            }
            if (!exp.lwr || !exp.upr)
            {
                exp.error("need upper and lower bound to slice pointer");
                return setError();
            }
            if (sc.func && !sc.intypeof && sc.func.setUnsafe() && !(sc.flags & SCOPE.debug_))
            {
                exp.error("pointer slicing not allowed in safe functions");
                return setError();
            }
        }
        else if (t1b.ty == Tarray)
        {
        }
        else if (t1b.ty == Tsarray)
        {
            if (!exp.arrayop && global.params.vsafe)
            {
                /* Slicing a static array is like taking the address of it.
                 * Perform checks as if e[] was &e
                 */
                if (VarDeclaration v = expToVariable(exp.e1))
                {
                    if (exp.e1.op == TOK.dotVariable)
                    {
                        DotVarExp dve = cast(DotVarExp)exp.e1;
                        if ((dve.e1.op == TOK.this_ || dve.e1.op == TOK.super_) &&
                            !(v.storage_class & STC.ref_))
                        {
                            // because it's a class
                            v = null;
                        }
                    }

                    if (v && !checkAddressVar(sc, exp, v))
                        return setError();
                }
            }
        }
        else if (t1b.ty == Ttuple)
        {
            if (!exp.lwr && !exp.upr)
            {
                result = exp.e1;
                return;
            }
            if (!exp.lwr || !exp.upr)
            {
                exp.error("need upper and lower bound to slice tuple");
                return setError();
            }
        }
        else if (t1b.ty == Tvector)
        {
            // Convert e1 to corresponding static array
            TypeVector tv1 = cast(TypeVector)t1b;
            t1b = tv1.basetype;
            t1b = t1b.castMod(tv1.mod);
            exp.e1.type = t1b;
        }
        else
        {
            exp.error("`%s` cannot be sliced with `[]`", t1b.ty == Tvoid ? exp.e1.toChars() : t1b.toChars());
            return setError();
        }

        /* Run semantic on lwr and upr.
         */
        Scope* scx = sc;
        if (t1b.ty == Tsarray || t1b.ty == Tarray || t1b.ty == Ttuple)
        {
            // Create scope for 'length' variable
            ScopeDsymbol sym = new ArrayScopeSymbol(sc, exp);
            sym.loc = exp.loc;
            sym.parent = sc.scopesym;
            sc = sc.push(sym);
        }
        if (exp.lwr)
        {
            if (t1b.ty == Ttuple)
                sc = sc.startCTFE();
            exp.lwr = exp.lwr.expressionSemantic(sc);
            exp.lwr = resolveProperties(sc, exp.lwr);
            if (t1b.ty == Ttuple)
                sc = sc.endCTFE();
            exp.lwr = exp.lwr.implicitCastTo(sc, Type.tsize_t);
        }
        if (exp.upr)
        {
            if (t1b.ty == Ttuple)
                sc = sc.startCTFE();
            exp.upr = exp.upr.expressionSemantic(sc);
            exp.upr = resolveProperties(sc, exp.upr);
            if (t1b.ty == Ttuple)
                sc = sc.endCTFE();
            exp.upr = exp.upr.implicitCastTo(sc, Type.tsize_t);
        }
        if (sc != scx)
            sc = sc.pop();
        if (exp.lwr && exp.lwr.type == Type.terror || exp.upr && exp.upr.type == Type.terror)
            return setError();

        if (t1b.ty == Ttuple)
        {
            exp.lwr = exp.lwr.ctfeInterpret();
            exp.upr = exp.upr.ctfeInterpret();
            uinteger_t i1 = exp.lwr.toUInteger();
            uinteger_t i2 = exp.upr.toUInteger();

            TupleExp te;
            TypeTuple tup;
            size_t length;
            if (exp.e1.op == TOK.tuple) // slicing an expression tuple
            {
                te = cast(TupleExp)exp.e1;
                tup = null;
                length = te.exps.dim;
            }
            else if (exp.e1.op == TOK.type) // slicing a type tuple
            {
                te = null;
                tup = cast(TypeTuple)t1b;
                length = Parameter.dim(tup.arguments);
            }
            else
                assert(0);

            if (i2 < i1 || length < i2)
            {
                exp.error("string slice `[%llu .. %llu]` is out of bounds", i1, i2);
                return setError();
            }

            size_t j1 = cast(size_t)i1;
            size_t j2 = cast(size_t)i2;
            Expression e;
            if (exp.e1.op == TOK.tuple)
            {
                auto exps = new Expressions(j2 - j1);
                for (size_t i = 0; i < j2 - j1; i++)
                {
                    (*exps)[i] = (*te.exps)[j1 + i];
                }
                e = new TupleExp(exp.loc, te.e0, exps);
            }
            else
            {
                auto args = new Parameters();
                args.reserve(j2 - j1);
                for (size_t i = j1; i < j2; i++)
                {
                    Parameter arg = Parameter.getNth(tup.arguments, i);
                    args.push(arg);
                }
                e = new TypeExp(exp.e1.loc, new TypeTuple(args));
            }
            e = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        exp.type = t1b.nextOf().arrayOf();
        // Allow typedef[] -> typedef[]
        if (exp.type.equals(t1b))
            exp.type = exp.e1.type;

        // We might know $ now
        setLengthVarIfKnown(exp.lengthVar, t1b);

        if (exp.lwr && exp.upr)
        {
            exp.lwr = exp.lwr.optimize(WANTvalue);
            exp.upr = exp.upr.optimize(WANTvalue);

            IntRange lwrRange = getIntRange(exp.lwr);
            IntRange uprRange = getIntRange(exp.upr);

            if (t1b.ty == Tsarray || t1b.ty == Tarray)
            {
                Expression el = new ArrayLengthExp(exp.loc, exp.e1);
                el = el.expressionSemantic(sc);
                el = el.optimize(WANTvalue);
                if (el.op == TOK.int64)
                {
                    // Array length is known at compile-time. Upper is in bounds if it fits length.
                    dinteger_t length = el.toInteger();
                    auto bounds = IntRange(SignExtendedNumber(0), SignExtendedNumber(length));
                    exp.upperIsInBounds = bounds.contains(uprRange);
                }
                else if (exp.upr.op == TOK.int64 && exp.upr.toInteger() == 0)
                {
                    // Upper slice expression is '0'. Value is always in bounds.
                    exp.upperIsInBounds = true;
                }
                else if (exp.upr.op == TOK.variable && (cast(VarExp)exp.upr).var.ident == Id.dollar)
                {
                    // Upper slice expression is '$'. Value is always in bounds.
                    exp.upperIsInBounds = true;
                }
            }
            else if (t1b.ty == Tpointer)
            {
                exp.upperIsInBounds = true;
            }
            else
                assert(0);

            exp.lowerIsLessThanUpper = (lwrRange.imax <= uprRange.imin);

            //printf("upperIsInBounds = %d lowerIsLessThanUpper = %d\n", exp.upperIsInBounds, exp.lowerIsLessThanUpper);
        }

        result = exp;
    }

    override void visit(ArrayLengthExp e)
    {
        static if (LOGSEMANTIC)
        {
            printf("ArrayLengthExp::semantic('%s')\n", e.toChars());
        }
        if (e.type)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        if (Expression ex = unaSemantic(e, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }
        e.e1 = resolveProperties(sc, e.e1);

        e.type = Type.tsize_t;
        result = e;
    }

    override void visit(ArrayExp exp)
    {
        static if (LOGSEMANTIC)
        {
            printf("ArrayExp::semantic('%s')\n", exp.toChars());
        }
        assert(!exp.type);
        Expression e = exp.op_overload(sc);
        if (e)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        if (isAggregate(exp.e1.type))
            exp.error("no `[]` operator overload for type `%s`", exp.e1.type.toChars());
        else
            exp.error("only one index allowed to index `%s`", exp.e1.type.toChars());
        result = new ErrorExp();
    }

    override void visit(DotExp exp)
    {
        static if (LOGSEMANTIC)
        {
            printf("DotExp::semantic('%s')\n", exp.toChars());
            if (exp.type)
                printf("\ttype = %s\n", exp.type.toChars());
        }
        exp.e1 = exp.e1.expressionSemantic(sc);
        exp.e2 = exp.e2.expressionSemantic(sc);

        if (exp.e1.op == TOK.type)
        {
            result = exp.e2;
            return;
        }
        if (exp.e2.op == TOK.type)
        {
            result = exp.e2;
            return;
        }
        if (exp.e2.op == TOK.template_)
        {
            auto td = (cast(TemplateExp)exp.e2).td;
            Expression e = new DotTemplateExp(exp.loc, exp.e1, td);
            result = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
            return;
        }
        if (!exp.type)
            exp.type = exp.e2.type;
        result = exp;
    }

    override void visit(CommaExp e)
    {
        if (e.type)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        // Allow `((a,b),(x,y))`
        if (e.allowCommaExp)
        {
            CommaExp.allow(e.e1);
            CommaExp.allow(e.e2);
        }

        if (Expression ex = binSemanticProp(e, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }
        e.e1 = e.e1.addDtorHook(sc);

        if (checkNonAssignmentArrayOp(e.e1))
            return setError();

        e.type = e.e2.type;
        if (e.type !is Type.tvoid && !e.allowCommaExp && !e.isGenerated)
            e.error("Using the result of a comma expression is not allowed");
        result = e;
    }

    override void visit(IntervalExp e)
    {
        static if (LOGSEMANTIC)
        {
            printf("IntervalExp::semantic('%s')\n", e.toChars());
        }
        if (e.type)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        Expression le = e.lwr;
        le = le.expressionSemantic(sc);
        le = resolveProperties(sc, le);

        Expression ue = e.upr;
        ue = ue.expressionSemantic(sc);
        ue = resolveProperties(sc, ue);

        if (le.op == TOK.error)
        {
            result = le;
            return;
        }
        if (ue.op == TOK.error)
        {
            result = ue;
            return;
        }

        e.lwr = le;
        e.upr = ue;

        e.type = Type.tvoid;
        result = e;
    }

    override void visit(DelegatePtrExp e)
    {
        static if (LOGSEMANTIC)
        {
            printf("DelegatePtrExp::semantic('%s')\n", e.toChars());
        }
        if (!e.type)
        {
            unaSemantic(e, sc);
            e.e1 = resolveProperties(sc, e.e1);

            if (e.e1.op == TOK.error)
            {
                result = e.e1;
                return;
            }
            e.type = Type.tvoidptr;
        }
        result = e;
    }

    override void visit(DelegateFuncptrExp e)
    {
        static if (LOGSEMANTIC)
        {
            printf("DelegateFuncptrExp::semantic('%s')\n", e.toChars());
        }
        if (!e.type)
        {
            unaSemantic(e, sc);
            e.e1 = resolveProperties(sc, e.e1);
            if (e.e1.op == TOK.error)
            {
                result = e.e1;
                return;
            }
            e.type = e.e1.type.nextOf().pointerTo();
        }
        result = e;
    }

    override void visit(IndexExp exp)
    {
        static if (LOGSEMANTIC)
        {
            printf("IndexExp::semantic('%s')\n", exp.toChars());
        }
        if (exp.type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        // operator overloading should be handled in ArrayExp already.
        if (!exp.e1.type)
            exp.e1 = exp.e1.expressionSemantic(sc);
        assert(exp.e1.type); // semantic() should already be run on it
        if (exp.e1.op == TOK.type && exp.e1.type.ty != Ttuple)
        {
            exp.e2 = exp.e2.expressionSemantic(sc);
            exp.e2 = resolveProperties(sc, exp.e2);
            Type nt;
            if (exp.e2.op == TOK.type)
                nt = new TypeAArray(exp.e1.type, exp.e2.type);
            else
                nt = new TypeSArray(exp.e1.type, exp.e2);
            Expression e = new TypeExp(exp.loc, nt);
            result = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
            return;
        }
        if (exp.e1.op == TOK.error)
        {
            result = exp.e1;
            return;
        }
        if (exp.e1.type.ty == Terror)
            return setError();

        // Note that unlike C we do not implement the int[ptr]

        Type t1b = exp.e1.type.toBasetype();

        if (t1b.ty == Tvector)
        {
            // Convert e1 to corresponding static array
            TypeVector tv1 = cast(TypeVector)t1b;
            t1b = tv1.basetype;
            t1b = t1b.castMod(tv1.mod);
            exp.e1.type = t1b;
        }

        /* Run semantic on e2
         */
        Scope* scx = sc;
        if (t1b.ty == Tsarray || t1b.ty == Tarray || t1b.ty == Ttuple)
        {
            // Create scope for 'length' variable
            ScopeDsymbol sym = new ArrayScopeSymbol(sc, exp);
            sym.loc = exp.loc;
            sym.parent = sc.scopesym;
            sc = sc.push(sym);
        }
        if (t1b.ty == Ttuple)
            sc = sc.startCTFE();
        exp.e2 = exp.e2.expressionSemantic(sc);
        exp.e2 = resolveProperties(sc, exp.e2);
        if (t1b.ty == Ttuple)
            sc = sc.endCTFE();
        if (exp.e2.op == TOK.tuple)
        {
            TupleExp te = cast(TupleExp)exp.e2;
            if (te.exps && te.exps.dim == 1)
                exp.e2 = Expression.combine(te.e0, (*te.exps)[0]); // bug 4444 fix
        }
        if (sc != scx)
            sc = sc.pop();
        if (exp.e2.type == Type.terror)
            return setError();

        if (checkNonAssignmentArrayOp(exp.e1))
            return setError();

        switch (t1b.ty)
        {
        case Tpointer:
            if ((cast(TypePointer)t1b).next.ty == Tfunction)
            {
                exp.error("cannot index function pointer `%s`", exp.e1.toChars());
                return setError();
            }
            exp.e2 = exp.e2.implicitCastTo(sc, Type.tsize_t);
            if (exp.e2.type == Type.terror)
                return setError();
            exp.e2 = exp.e2.optimize(WANTvalue);
            if (exp.e2.op == TOK.int64 && exp.e2.toInteger() == 0)
            {
            }
            else if (sc.func && sc.func.setUnsafe() && !(sc.flags & SCOPE.debug_))
            {
                exp.error("safe function `%s` cannot index pointer `%s`", sc.func.toPrettyChars(), exp.e1.toChars());
                return setError();
            }
            exp.type = (cast(TypeNext)t1b).next;
            break;

        case Tarray:
            exp.e2 = exp.e2.implicitCastTo(sc, Type.tsize_t);
            if (exp.e2.type == Type.terror)
                return setError();
            exp.type = (cast(TypeNext)t1b).next;
            break;

        case Tsarray:
            {
                exp.e2 = exp.e2.implicitCastTo(sc, Type.tsize_t);
                if (exp.e2.type == Type.terror)
                    return setError();
                exp.type = t1b.nextOf();
                break;
            }
        case Taarray:
            {
                TypeAArray taa = cast(TypeAArray)t1b;
                /* We can skip the implicit conversion if they differ only by
                 * constness
                 * https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=2684
                 * see also bug https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=2954 b
                 */
                if (!arrayTypeCompatibleWithoutCasting(exp.e2.type, taa.index))
                {
                    exp.e2 = exp.e2.implicitCastTo(sc, taa.index); // type checking
                    if (exp.e2.type == Type.terror)
                        return setError();
                }

                semanticTypeInfo(sc, taa);

                exp.type = taa.next;
                break;
            }
        case Ttuple:
            {
                exp.e2 = exp.e2.implicitCastTo(sc, Type.tsize_t);
                if (exp.e2.type == Type.terror)
                    return setError();

                exp.e2 = exp.e2.ctfeInterpret();
                uinteger_t index = exp.e2.toUInteger();

                TupleExp te;
                TypeTuple tup;
                size_t length;
                if (exp.e1.op == TOK.tuple)
                {
                    te = cast(TupleExp)exp.e1;
                    tup = null;
                    length = te.exps.dim;
                }
                else if (exp.e1.op == TOK.type)
                {
                    te = null;
                    tup = cast(TypeTuple)t1b;
                    length = Parameter.dim(tup.arguments);
                }
                else
                    assert(0);

                if (length <= index)
                {
                    exp.error("array index `[%llu]` is outside array bounds `[0 .. %llu]`", index, cast(ulong)length);
                    return setError();
                }
                Expression e;
                if (exp.e1.op == TOK.tuple)
                {
                    e = (*te.exps)[cast(size_t)index];
                    e = Expression.combine(te.e0, e);
                }
                else
                    e = new TypeExp(exp.e1.loc, Parameter.getNth(tup.arguments, cast(size_t)index).type);
                result = e;
                return;
            }
        default:
            exp.error("`%s` must be an array or pointer type, not `%s`", exp.e1.toChars(), exp.e1.type.toChars());
            return setError();
        }

        // We might know $ now
        setLengthVarIfKnown(exp.lengthVar, t1b);

        if (t1b.ty == Tsarray || t1b.ty == Tarray)
        {
            Expression el = new ArrayLengthExp(exp.loc, exp.e1);
            el = el.expressionSemantic(sc);
            el = el.optimize(WANTvalue);
            if (el.op == TOK.int64)
            {
                exp.e2 = exp.e2.optimize(WANTvalue);
                dinteger_t length = el.toInteger();
                if (length)
                {
                    auto bounds = IntRange(SignExtendedNumber(0), SignExtendedNumber(length - 1));
                    exp.indexIsInBounds = bounds.contains(getIntRange(exp.e2));
                }
            }
        }

        result = exp;
    }

    override void visit(PostExp exp)
    {
        static if (LOGSEMANTIC)
        {
            printf("PostExp::semantic('%s')\n", exp.toChars());
        }
        if (exp.type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        if (Expression ex = binSemantic(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }
        Expression e1x = resolveProperties(sc, exp.e1);
        if (e1x.op == TOK.error)
        {
            result = e1x;
            return;
        }
        exp.e1 = e1x;

        Expression e = exp.op_overload(sc);
        if (e)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        if (exp.e1.checkReadModifyWrite(exp.op))
            return setError();

        if (exp.e1.op == TOK.slice)
        {
            const(char)* s = exp.op == TOK.plusPlus ? "increment" : "decrement";
            exp.error("cannot post-%s array slice `%s`, use pre-%s instead", s, exp.e1.toChars(), s);
            return setError();
        }

        exp.e1 = exp.e1.optimize(WANTvalue);

        Type t1 = exp.e1.type.toBasetype();
        if (t1.ty == Tclass || t1.ty == Tstruct || exp.e1.op == TOK.arrayLength)
        {
            /* Check for operator overloading,
             * but rewrite in terms of ++e instead of e++
             */

            /* If e1 is not trivial, take a reference to it
             */
            Expression de = null;
            if (exp.e1.op != TOK.variable && exp.e1.op != TOK.arrayLength)
            {
                // ref v = e1;
                auto v = copyToTemp(STC.ref_, "__postref", exp.e1);
                de = new DeclarationExp(exp.loc, v);
                exp.e1 = new VarExp(exp.e1.loc, v);
            }

            /* Rewrite as:
             * auto tmp = e1; ++e1; tmp
             */
            auto tmp = copyToTemp(0, "__pitmp", exp.e1);
            Expression ea = new DeclarationExp(exp.loc, tmp);

            Expression eb = exp.e1.syntaxCopy();
            eb = new PreExp(exp.op == TOK.plusPlus ? TOK.prePlusPlus : TOK.preMinusMinus, exp.loc, eb);

            Expression ec = new VarExp(exp.loc, tmp);

            // Combine de,ea,eb,ec
            if (de)
                ea = new CommaExp(exp.loc, de, ea);
            e = new CommaExp(exp.loc, ea, eb);
            e = new CommaExp(exp.loc, e, ec);
            e = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        exp.e1 = exp.e1.modifiableLvalue(sc, exp.e1);

        e = exp;
        if (exp.e1.checkScalar())
            return setError();
        if (exp.e1.checkNoBool())
            return setError();

        if (exp.e1.type.ty == Tpointer)
            e = scaleFactor(exp, sc);
        else
            exp.e2 = exp.e2.castTo(sc, exp.e1.type);
        e.type = exp.e1.type;
        result = e;
    }

    override void visit(PreExp exp)
    {
        Expression e = exp.op_overload(sc);
        // printf("PreExp::semantic('%s')\n", toChars());
        if (e)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        // Rewrite as e1+=1 or e1-=1
        if (exp.op == TOK.prePlusPlus)
            e = new AddAssignExp(exp.loc, exp.e1, new IntegerExp(exp.loc, 1, Type.tint32));
        else
            e = new MinAssignExp(exp.loc, exp.e1, new IntegerExp(exp.loc, 1, Type.tint32));
        result = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
    }

    /*
     * Get the expression initializer for a specific struct
     *
     * Params:
     *  sd = the struct for which the expression initializer is needed
     *  loc = the location of the initializer
     *  sc = the scope where the expression is located
     *  t = the type of the expression
     *
     * Returns:
     *  The expression initializer or error expression if any errors occured
     */
    private Expression getInitExp(StructDeclaration sd, Loc loc, Scope* sc, Type t)
    {
        if (sd.zeroInit && !sd.isNested())
        {
            // https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=14606
            // Always use BlitExp for the special expression: (struct = 0)
            return new IntegerExp(loc, 0, Type.tint32);
        }

        if (sd.isNested())
        {
            auto sle = new StructLiteralExp(loc, sd, null, t);
            if (!sd.fill(loc, sle.elements, true))
                return new ErrorExp();
            if (checkFrameAccess(loc, sc, sd, sle.elements.dim))
                return new ErrorExp();

            sle.type = t;
            return sle;
        }

        return t.defaultInit(loc);
    }

    override void visit(AssignExp exp)
    {
        static if (LOGSEMANTIC)
        {
            printf("AssignExp::semantic('%s')\n", exp.toChars());
        }
        //printf("exp.e1.op = %d, '%s'\n", exp.e1.op, Token.toChars(exp.e1.op));
        //printf("exp.e2.op = %d, '%s'\n", exp.e2.op, Token.toChars(exp.e2.op));
        if (exp.type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        Expression e1old = exp.e1;

        if (exp.e2.op == TOK.comma)
        {
            /* Rewrite to get rid of the comma from rvalue
             */
            if (!(cast(CommaExp)exp.e2).isGenerated)
                exp.error("Using the result of a comma expression is not allowed");
            Expression e0;
            exp.e2 = Expression.extractLast(exp.e2, e0);
            Expression e = Expression.combine(e0, exp);
            result = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
            return;
        }

        /* Look for operator overloading of a[arguments] = e2.
         * Do it before e1.expressionSemantic() otherwise the ArrayExp will have been
         * converted to unary operator overloading already.
         */
        if (exp.e1.op == TOK.array)
        {
            Expression res;

            ArrayExp ae = cast(ArrayExp)exp.e1;
            ae.e1 = ae.e1.expressionSemantic(sc);
            ae.e1 = resolveProperties(sc, ae.e1);
            Expression ae1old = ae.e1;

            const(bool) maybeSlice =
                (ae.arguments.dim == 0 ||
                 ae.arguments.dim == 1 && (*ae.arguments)[0].op == TOK.interval);

            IntervalExp ie = null;
            if (maybeSlice && ae.arguments.dim)
            {
                assert((*ae.arguments)[0].op == TOK.interval);
                ie = cast(IntervalExp)(*ae.arguments)[0];
            }
            while (true)
            {
                if (ae.e1.op == TOK.error)
                {
                    result = ae.e1;
                    return;
                }
                Expression e0 = null;
                Expression ae1save = ae.e1;
                ae.lengthVar = null;

                Type t1b = ae.e1.type.toBasetype();
                AggregateDeclaration ad = isAggregate(t1b);
                if (!ad)
                    break;
                if (search_function(ad, Id.indexass))
                {
                    // Deal with $
                    res = resolveOpDollar(sc, ae, &e0);
                    if (!res) // a[i..j] = e2 might be: a.opSliceAssign(e2, i, j)
                        goto Lfallback;
                    if (res.op == TOK.error)
                    {
                        result = res;
                        return;
                    }

                    res = exp.e2.expressionSemantic(sc);
                    if (res.op == TOK.error)
                    {
                        result = res;
                        return;
                    }
                    exp.e2 = res;

                    /* Rewrite (a[arguments] = e2) as:
                     *      a.opIndexAssign(e2, arguments)
                     */
                    Expressions* a = ae.arguments.copy();
                    a.insert(0, exp.e2);
                    res = new DotIdExp(exp.loc, ae.e1, Id.indexass);
                    res = new CallExp(exp.loc, res, a);
                    if (maybeSlice) // a[] = e2 might be: a.opSliceAssign(e2)
                        res = res.trySemantic(sc);
                    else
                        res = res.expressionSemantic(sc);
                    if (res)
                    {
                        res = Expression.combine(e0, res);
                        result = res;
                        return;
                    }
                }

            Lfallback:
                if (maybeSlice && search_function(ad, Id.sliceass))
                {
                    // Deal with $
                    res = resolveOpDollar(sc, ae, ie, &e0);
                    if (res.op == TOK.error)
                    {
                        result = res;
                        return;
                    }

                    res = exp.e2.expressionSemantic(sc);
                    if (res.op == TOK.error)
                    {
                        result = res;
                        return;
                    }
                    exp.e2 = res;

                    /* Rewrite (a[i..j] = e2) as:
                     *      a.opSliceAssign(e2, i, j)
                     */
                    auto a = new Expressions();
                    a.push(exp.e2);
                    if (ie)
                    {
                        a.push(ie.lwr);
                        a.push(ie.upr);
                    }
                    res = new DotIdExp(exp.loc, ae.e1, Id.sliceass);
                    res = new CallExp(exp.loc, res, a);
                    res = res.expressionSemantic(sc);
                    res = Expression.combine(e0, res);
                    result = res;
                    return;
                }

                // No operator overloading member function found yet, but
                // there might be an alias this to try.
                if (ad.aliasthis && t1b != ae.att1)
                {
                    if (!ae.att1 && t1b.checkAliasThisRec())
                        ae.att1 = t1b;

                    /* Rewrite (a[arguments] op e2) as:
                     *      a.aliasthis[arguments] op e2
                     */
                    ae.e1 = resolveAliasThis(sc, ae1save, true);
                    if (ae.e1)
                        continue;
                }
                break;
            }
            ae.e1 = ae1old; // recovery
            ae.lengthVar = null;
        }

        /* Run this.e1 semantic.
         */
        {
            Expression e1x = exp.e1;

            /* With UFCS, e.f = value
             * Could mean:
             *      .f(e, value)
             * or:
             *      .f(e) = value
             */
            if (e1x.op == TOK.dotTemplateInstance)
            {
                DotTemplateInstanceExp dti = cast(DotTemplateInstanceExp)e1x;
                Expression e = dti.semanticY(sc, 1);
                if (!e)
                {
                    result = resolveUFCSProperties(sc, e1x, exp.e2);
                    return;
                }
                e1x = e;
            }
            else if (e1x.op == TOK.dotIdentifier)
            {
                DotIdExp die = cast(DotIdExp)e1x;
                Expression e = die.semanticY(sc, 1);
                if (e && isDotOpDispatch(e))
                {
                    uint errors = global.startGagging();
                    e = resolvePropertiesX(sc, e, exp.e2);
                    if (global.endGagging(errors))
                        e = null; /* fall down to UFCS */
                    else
                    {
                        result = e;
                        return;
                    }
                }
                if (!e)
                {
                    result = resolveUFCSProperties(sc, e1x, exp.e2);
                    return;
                }
                e1x = e;
            }
            else
            {
                if (e1x.op == TOK.slice)
                    (cast(SliceExp)e1x).arrayop = true;

                e1x = e1x.expressionSemantic(sc);
            }

            /* We have f = value.
             * Could mean:
             *      f(value)
             * or:
             *      f() = value
             */
            if (Expression e = resolvePropertiesX(sc, e1x, exp.e2))
            {
                result = e;
                return;
            }
            if (e1x.checkRightThis(sc))
                return setError();
            exp.e1 = e1x;
            assert(exp.e1.type);
        }
        Type t1 = exp.e1.type.toBasetype();

        /* Run this.e2 semantic.
         * Different from other binary expressions, the analysis of e2
         * depends on the result of e1 in assignments.
         */
        {
            Expression e2x = inferType(exp.e2, t1.baseElemOf());
            e2x = e2x.expressionSemantic(sc);
            e2x = resolveProperties(sc, e2x);
            if (e2x.op == TOK.type)
                e2x = resolveAliasThis(sc, e2x); //https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=17684
            if (e2x.op == TOK.error)
            {
                result = e2x;
                return;
            }
            if (e2x.checkValue())
                return setError();
            exp.e2 = e2x;
        }

        /* Rewrite tuple assignment as a tuple of assignments.
         */
        {
            Expression e2x = exp.e2;

        Ltupleassign:
            if (exp.e1.op == TOK.tuple && e2x.op == TOK.tuple)
            {
                TupleExp tup1 = cast(TupleExp)exp.e1;
                TupleExp tup2 = cast(TupleExp)e2x;
                size_t dim = tup1.exps.dim;
                Expression e = null;
                if (dim != tup2.exps.dim)
                {
                    exp.error("mismatched tuple lengths, %d and %d", cast(int)dim, cast(int)tup2.exps.dim);
                    return setError();
                }
                if (dim == 0)
                {
                    e = new IntegerExp(exp.loc, 0, Type.tint32);
                    e = new CastExp(exp.loc, e, Type.tvoid); // avoid "has no effect" error
                    e = Expression.combine(tup1.e0, tup2.e0, e);
                }
                else
                {
                    auto exps = new Expressions(dim);
                    for (size_t i = 0; i < dim; i++)
                    {
                        Expression ex1 = (*tup1.exps)[i];
                        Expression ex2 = (*tup2.exps)[i];
                        (*exps)[i] = new AssignExp(exp.loc, ex1, ex2);
                    }
                    e = new TupleExp(exp.loc, Expression.combine(tup1.e0, tup2.e0), exps);
                }
                result = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
                return;
            }

            /* Look for form: e1 = e2.aliasthis.
             */
            if (exp.e1.op == TOK.tuple)
            {
                TupleDeclaration td = isAliasThisTuple(e2x);
                if (!td)
                    goto Lnomatch;

                assert(exp.e1.type.ty == Ttuple);
                TypeTuple tt = cast(TypeTuple)exp.e1.type;

                Expression e0;
                Expression ev = extractSideEffect(sc, "__tup", e0, e2x);

                auto iexps = new Expressions();
                iexps.push(ev);
                for (size_t u = 0; u < iexps.dim; u++)
                {
                Lexpand:
                    Expression e = (*iexps)[u];

                    Parameter arg = Parameter.getNth(tt.arguments, u);
                    //printf("[%d] iexps.dim = %d, ", u, iexps.dim);
                    //printf("e = (%s %s, %s), ", Token::tochars[e.op], e.toChars(), e.type.toChars());
                    //printf("arg = (%s, %s)\n", arg.toChars(), arg.type.toChars());

                    if (!arg || !e.type.implicitConvTo(arg.type))
                    {
                        // expand initializer to tuple
                        if (expandAliasThisTuples(iexps, u) != -1)
                        {
                            if (iexps.dim <= u)
                                break;
                            goto Lexpand;
                        }
                        goto Lnomatch;
                    }
                }
                e2x = new TupleExp(e2x.loc, e0, iexps);
                e2x = e2x.expressionSemantic(sc);
                if (e2x.op == TOK.error)
                {
                    result = e2x;
                    return;
                }
                // Do not need to overwrite this.e2
                goto Ltupleassign;
            }
        Lnomatch:
        }

        /* Inside constructor, if this is the first assignment of object field,
         * rewrite this to initializing the field.
         */
        if (exp.op == TOK.assign && exp.e1.checkModifiable(sc) == 2)
        {
            //printf("[%s] change to init - %s\n", exp.loc.toChars(), exp.toChars());
            exp.op = TOK.construct;

            // https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=13515
            // set Index::modifiable flag for complex AA element initialization
            if (exp.e1.op == TOK.index)
            {
                Expression e1x = (cast(IndexExp)exp.e1).markSettingAAElem();
                if (e1x.op == TOK.error)
                {
                    result = e1x;
                    return;
                }
            }
        }
        else if (exp.op == TOK.construct && exp.e1.op == TOK.variable &&
                 (cast(VarExp)exp.e1).var.storage_class & (STC.out_ | STC.ref_))
        {
            exp.memset |= MemorySet.referenceInit;
        }

        /* If it is an assignment from a 'foreign' type,
         * check for operator overloading.
         */
        if (exp.memset & MemorySet.referenceInit)
        {
            // If this is an initialization of a reference,
            // do nothing
        }
        else if (t1.ty == Tstruct)
        {
            auto e1x = exp.e1;
            auto e2x = exp.e2;
            auto sd = (cast(TypeStruct)t1).sym;

            if (exp.op == TOK.construct)
            {
                Type t2 = e2x.type.toBasetype();
                if (t2.ty == Tstruct && sd == (cast(TypeStruct)t2).sym)
                {
                    sd.size(exp.loc);
                    if (sd.sizeok != Sizeok.done)
                        return setError();
                    if (!sd.ctor)
                        sd.ctor = sd.searchCtor();

                    // https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=15661
                    // Look for the form from last of comma chain.
                    auto e2y = lastComma(e2x);

                    CallExp ce = (e2y.op == TOK.call) ? cast(CallExp)e2y : null;
                    DotVarExp dve = (ce && ce.e1.op == TOK.dotVariable)
                        ? cast(DotVarExp)ce.e1 : null;
                    if (sd.ctor && ce && dve && dve.var.isCtorDeclaration() &&
                        e2y.type.implicitConvTo(t1))
                    {
                        /* Look for form of constructor call which is:
                         *    __ctmp.ctor(arguments...)
                         */

                        /* Before calling the constructor, initialize
                         * variable with a bit copy of the default
                         * initializer
                         */
                        Expression einit = getInitExp(sd, exp.loc, sc, t1);
                        if (einit.op == TOK.error)
                        {
                            result = einit;
                            return;
                        }

                        auto ae = new BlitExp(exp.loc, exp.e1, einit);
                        ae.type = e1x.type;

                        /* Replace __ctmp being constructed with e1.
                         * We need to copy constructor call expression,
                         * because it may be used in other place.
                         */
                        auto dvx = cast(DotVarExp)dve.copy();
                        dvx.e1 = e1x;
                        auto cx = cast(CallExp)ce.copy();
                        cx.e1 = dvx;

                        Expression e0;
                        Expression.extractLast(e2x, e0);

                        auto e = Expression.combine(e0, ae, cx);
                        e = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
                        result = e;
                        return;
                    }
                    if (sd.postblit)
                    {
                        /* We have a copy constructor for this
                         */
                        if (e2x.op == TOK.question)
                        {
                            /* Rewrite as:
                             *  a ? e1 = b : e1 = c;
                             */
                            CondExp econd = cast(CondExp)e2x;
                            Expression ea1 = new ConstructExp(econd.e1.loc, e1x, econd.e1);
                            Expression ea2 = new ConstructExp(econd.e1.loc, e1x, econd.e2);
                            Expression e = new CondExp(exp.loc, econd.econd, ea1, ea2);
                            result = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
                            return;
                        }

                        if (e2x.isLvalue())
                        {
                            if (!e2x.type.implicitConvTo(e1x.type))
                            {
                                exp.error("conversion error from `%s` to `%s`",
                                    e2x.type.toChars(), e1x.type.toChars());
                                return setError();
                            }

                            /* Rewrite as:
                             *  (e1 = e2).postblit();
                             *
                             * Blit assignment e1 = e2 returns a reference to the original e1,
                             * then call the postblit on it.
                             */
                            Expression e = e1x.copy();
                            e.type = e.type.mutableOf();
                            if (e.type.isShared && !sd.type.isShared)
                                e.type = e.type.unSharedOf();
                            e = new BlitExp(exp.loc, e, e2x);
                            e = new DotVarExp(exp.loc, e, sd.postblit, false);
                            e = new CallExp(exp.loc, e);
                            result = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
                            return;
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            /* The struct value returned from the function is transferred
                             * so should not call the destructor on it.
                             */
                            e2x = valueNoDtor(e2x);
                        }
                    }

                    // https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=19251
                    // if e2 cannot be converted to e1.type, maybe there is an alias this
                    if (!e2x.implicitConvTo(t1))
                    {
                        AggregateDeclaration ad2 = isAggregate(e2x.type);
                        if (ad2 && ad2.aliasthis && !(exp.att2 && e2x.type == exp.att2))
                        {
                            if (!exp.att2 && exp.e2.type.checkAliasThisRec())
                            exp.att2 = exp.e2.type;
                            /* Rewrite (e1 op e2) as:
                             *      (e1 op e2.aliasthis)
                             */
                            exp.e2 = new DotIdExp(exp.e2.loc, exp.e2, ad2.aliasthis.ident);
                            result = exp.expressionSemantic(sc);
                            return;
                        }
                    }
                }
                else if (!e2x.implicitConvTo(t1))
                {
                    sd.size(exp.loc);
                    if (sd.sizeok != Sizeok.done)
                        return setError();
                    if (!sd.ctor)
                        sd.ctor = sd.searchCtor();

                    if (sd.ctor)
                    {
                        /* Look for implicit constructor call
                         * Rewrite as:
                         *  e1 = init, e1.ctor(e2)
                         */

                        /* Fix Issue 5153 : https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=5153
                         * Using `new` to initialize a struct object is a common mistake, but
                         * the error message from the compiler is not very helpful in that
                         * case. If exp.e2 is a NewExp and the type of new is the same as
                         * the type as exp.e1 (struct in this case), then we know for sure
                         * that the user wants to instantiate a struct. This is done to avoid
                         * issuing an error when the user actually wants to call a constructor
                         * which receives a class object.
                         *
                         * Foo f = new Foo2(0); is a valid expression if Foo has a constructor
                         * which receives an instance of a Foo2 class
                         */
                        if (exp.e2.op == TOK.new_)
                        {
                            auto newExp = cast(NewExp)(exp.e2);
                            if (newExp.newtype && newExp.newtype == t1)
                            {
                                error(exp.loc, "cannot implicitly convert expression `%s` of type `%s` to `%s`",
                                      newExp.toChars(), newExp.type.toChars(), t1.toChars());
                                errorSupplemental(exp.loc, "Perhaps remove the `new` keyword?");
                                return setError();
                            }
                        }

                        Expression einit = new BlitExp(exp.loc, e1x, getInitExp(sd, exp.loc, sc, t1));
                        einit.type = e1x.type;

                        Expression e;
                        e = new DotIdExp(exp.loc, e1x, Id.ctor);
                        e = new CallExp(exp.loc, e, e2x);
                        e = new CommaExp(exp.loc, einit, e);
                        e = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
                        result = e;
                        return;
                    }
                    if (search_function(sd, Id.call))
                    {
                        /* Look for static opCall
                         * https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=2702
                         * Rewrite as:
                         *  e1 = typeof(e1).opCall(arguments)
                         */
                        e2x = typeDotIdExp(e2x.loc, e1x.type, Id.call);
                        e2x = new CallExp(exp.loc, e2x, exp.e2);

                        e2x = e2x.expressionSemantic(sc);
                        e2x = resolveProperties(sc, e2x);
                        if (e2x.op == TOK.error)
                        {
                            result = e2x;
                            return;
                        }
                        if (e2x.checkValue())
                            return setError();
                    }
                }
                else // https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=11355
                {
                    AggregateDeclaration ad2 = isAggregate(e2x.type);
                    if (ad2 && ad2.aliasthis && !(exp.att2 && e2x.type == exp.att2))
                    {
                        if (!exp.att2 && exp.e2.type.checkAliasThisRec())
                            exp.att2 = exp.e2.type;
                        /* Rewrite (e1 op e2) as:
                         *      (e1 op e2.aliasthis)
                         */
                        exp.e2 = new DotIdExp(exp.e2.loc, exp.e2, ad2.aliasthis.ident);
                        result = exp.expressionSemantic(sc);
                        return;
                    }
                }
            }
            else if (exp.op == TOK.assign)
            {
                if (e1x.op == TOK.index && (cast(IndexExp)e1x).e1.type.toBasetype().ty == Taarray)
                {
                    /*
                     * Rewrite:
                     *      aa[key] = e2;
                     * as:
                     *      ref __aatmp = aa;
                     *      ref __aakey = key;
                     *      ref __aaval = e2;
                     *      (__aakey in __aatmp
                     *          ? __aatmp[__aakey].opAssign(__aaval)
                     *          : ConstructExp(__aatmp[__aakey], __aaval));
                     */
                    IndexExp ie = cast(IndexExp)e1x;
                    Type t2 = e2x.type.toBasetype();

                    Expression e0 = null;
                    Expression ea = extractSideEffect(sc, "__aatmp", e0, ie.e1);
                    Expression ek = extractSideEffect(sc, "__aakey", e0, ie.e2);
                    Expression ev = extractSideEffect(sc, "__aaval", e0, e2x);

                    AssignExp ae = cast(AssignExp)exp.copy();
                    ae.e1 = new IndexExp(exp.loc, ea, ek);
                    ae.e1 = ae.e1.expressionSemantic(sc);
                    ae.e1 = ae.e1.optimize(WANTvalue);
                    ae.e2 = ev;
                    Expression e = ae.op_overload(sc);
                    if (e)
                    {
                        Expression ey = null;
                        if (t2.ty == Tstruct && sd == t2.toDsymbol(sc))
                        {
                            ey = ev;
                        }
                        else if (!ev.implicitConvTo(ie.type) && sd.ctor)
                        {
                            // Look for implicit constructor call
                            // Rewrite as S().ctor(e2)
                            ey = new StructLiteralExp(exp.loc, sd, null);
                            ey = new DotIdExp(exp.loc, ey, Id.ctor);
                            ey = new CallExp(exp.loc, ey, ev);
                            ey = ey.trySemantic(sc);
                        }
                        if (ey)
                        {
                            Expression ex;
                            ex = new IndexExp(exp.loc, ea, ek);
                            ex = ex.expressionSemantic(sc);
                            ex = ex.optimize(WANTvalue);
                            ex = ex.modifiableLvalue(sc, ex); // allocate new slot

                            ey = new ConstructExp(exp.loc, ex, ey);
                            ey = ey.expressionSemantic(sc);
                            if (ey.op == TOK.error)
                            {
                                result = ey;
                                return;
                            }
                            ex = e;

                            // https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=14144
                            // The whole expression should have the common type
                            // of opAssign() return and assigned AA entry.
                            // Even if there's no common type, expression should be typed as void.
                            Type t = null;
                            if (!typeMerge(sc, TOK.question, &t, &ex, &ey))
                            {
                                ex = new CastExp(ex.loc, ex, Type.tvoid);
                                ey = new CastExp(ey.loc, ey, Type.tvoid);
                            }
                            e = new CondExp(exp.loc, new InExp(exp.loc, ek, ea), ex, ey);
                        }
                        e = Expression.combine(e0, e);
                        e = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
                        result = e;
                        return;
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    Expression e = exp.op_overload(sc);
                    if (e)
                    {
                        result = e;
                        return;
                    }
                }
            }
            else
                assert(exp.op == TOK.blit);

            exp.e1 = e1x;
            exp.e2 = e2x;
        }
        else if (t1.ty == Tclass)
        {
            // Disallow assignment operator overloads for same type
            if (exp.op == TOK.assign && !exp.e2.implicitConvTo(exp.e1.type))
            {
                Expression e = exp.op_overload(sc);
                if (e)
                {
                    result = e;
                    return;
                }
            }
        }
        else if (t1.ty == Tsarray)
        {
            // SliceExp cannot have static array type without context inference.
            assert(exp.e1.op != TOK.slice);
            Expression e1x = exp.e1;
            Expression e2x = exp.e2;

            if (e2x.implicitConvTo(e1x.type))
            {
                if (exp.op != TOK.blit && (e2x.op == TOK.slice && (cast(UnaExp)e2x).e1.isLvalue() || e2x.op == TOK.cast_ && (cast(UnaExp)e2x).e1.isLvalue() || e2x.op != TOK.slice && e2x.isLvalue()))
                {
                    if (e1x.checkPostblit(sc, t1))
                        return setError();
                }

                // e2 matches to t1 because of the implicit length match, so
                if (isUnaArrayOp(e2x.op) || isBinArrayOp(e2x.op))
                {
                    // convert e1 to e1[]
                    // e.g. e1[] = a[] + b[];
                    auto sle = new SliceExp(e1x.loc, e1x, null, null);
                    sle.arrayop = true;
                    e1x = sle.expressionSemantic(sc);
                }
                else
                {
                    // convert e2 to t1 later
                    // e.g. e1 = [1, 2, 3];
                }
            }
            else
            {
                if (e2x.implicitConvTo(t1.nextOf().arrayOf()) > MATCH.nomatch)
                {
                    uinteger_t dim1 = (cast(TypeSArray)t1).dim.toInteger();
                    uinteger_t dim2 = dim1;
                    if (e2x.op == TOK.arrayLiteral)
                    {
                        ArrayLiteralExp ale = cast(ArrayLiteralExp)e2x;
                        dim2 = ale.elements ? ale.elements.dim : 0;
                    }
                    else if (e2x.op == TOK.slice)
                    {
                        Type tx = toStaticArrayType(cast(SliceExp)e2x);
                        if (tx)
                            dim2 = (cast(TypeSArray)tx).dim.toInteger();
                    }
                    if (dim1 != dim2)
                    {
                        exp.error("mismatched array lengths, %d and %d", cast(int)dim1, cast(int)dim2);
                        return setError();
                    }
                }

                // May be block or element-wise assignment, so
                // convert e1 to e1[]
                if (exp.op != TOK.assign)
                {
                    // If multidimensional static array, treat as one large array
                    const dim = t1.numberOfElems(exp.loc);
                    e1x.type = t1.baseElemOf().sarrayOf(dim);
                }
                auto sle = new SliceExp(e1x.loc, e1x, null, null);
                sle.arrayop = true;
                e1x = sle.expressionSemantic(sc);
            }
            if (e1x.op == TOK.error)
            {
                result = e1x;
                return;
            }
            if (e2x.op == TOK.error)
            {
                result = e2x;
                return;
            }

            exp.e1 = e1x;
            exp.e2 = e2x;
            t1 = e1x.type.toBasetype();
        }
        /* Check the mutability of e1.
         */
        if (exp.e1.op == TOK.arrayLength)
        {
            // e1 is not an lvalue, but we let code generator handle it
            ArrayLengthExp ale = cast(ArrayLengthExp)exp.e1;

            Expression ale1x = ale.e1;
            ale1x = ale1x.modifiableLvalue(sc, exp.e1);
            if (ale1x.op == TOK.error)
            {
                result = ale1x;
                return;
            }
            ale.e1 = ale1x;

            Type tn = ale.e1.type.toBasetype().nextOf();
            checkDefCtor(ale.loc, tn);
            semanticTypeInfo(sc, tn);
        }
        else if (exp.e1.op == TOK.slice)
        {
            Type tn = exp.e1.type.nextOf();
            if (exp.op == TOK.assign && !tn.isMutable())
            {
                exp.error("slice `%s` is not mutable", exp.e1.toChars());
                return setError();
            }

            if (exp.op == TOK.assign && !tn.baseElemOf().isAssignable())
            {
                exp.error("slice `%s` is not mutable, struct `%s` has immutable members",
                    exp.e1.toChars(), tn.baseElemOf().toChars());
                result = new ErrorExp();
                return;
            }

            // For conditional operator, both branches need conversion.
            SliceExp se = cast(SliceExp)exp.e1;
            while (se.e1.op == TOK.slice)
                se = cast(SliceExp)se.e1;
            if (se.e1.op == TOK.question && se.e1.type.toBasetype().ty == Tsarray)
            {
                se.e1 = se.e1.modifiableLvalue(sc, exp.e1);
                if (se.e1.op == TOK.error)
                {
                    result = se.e1;
                    return;
                }
            }
        }
        else
        {
            if (t1.ty == Tsarray && exp.op == TOK.assign)
            {
                Type tn = exp.e1.type.nextOf();
                if (tn && !tn.baseElemOf().isAssignable())
                {
                    exp.error("array `%s` is not mutable, struct `%s` has immutable members",
                        exp.e1.toChars(), tn.baseElemOf().toChars());
                    result = new ErrorExp();
                    return;
                }
            }

            Expression e1x = exp.e1;

            // Try to do a decent error message with the expression
            // before it got constant folded

            if (e1x.op != TOK.variable)
                e1x = e1x.optimize(WANTvalue);

            if (exp.op == TOK.assign)
                e1x = e1x.modifiableLvalue(sc, e1old);

            if (e1x.op == TOK.error)
            {
                result = e1x;
                return;
            }
            exp.e1 = e1x;
        }

        /* Tweak e2 based on the type of e1.
         */
        Expression e2x = exp.e2;
        Type t2 = e2x.type.toBasetype();

        // If it is a array, get the element type. Note that it may be
        // multi-dimensional.
        Type telem = t1;
        while (telem.ty == Tarray)
            telem = telem.nextOf();

        if (exp.e1.op == TOK.slice && t1.nextOf() &&
            (telem.ty != Tvoid || e2x.op == TOK.null_) &&
            e2x.implicitConvTo(t1.nextOf()))
        {
            // Check for block assignment. If it is of type void[], void[][], etc,
            // '= null' is the only allowable block assignment (Bug 7493)
            exp.memset |= MemorySet.blockAssign;    // make it easy for back end to tell what this is
            e2x = e2x.implicitCastTo(sc, t1.nextOf());
            if (exp.op != TOK.blit && e2x.isLvalue() && exp.e1.checkPostblit(sc, t1.nextOf()))
                return setError();
        }
        else if (exp.e1.op == TOK.slice &&
                 (t2.ty == Tarray || t2.ty == Tsarray) &&
                 t2.nextOf().implicitConvTo(t1.nextOf()))
        {
            // Check element-wise assignment.

            /* If assigned elements number is known at compile time,
             * check the mismatch.
             */
            SliceExp se1 = cast(SliceExp)exp.e1;
            TypeSArray tsa1 = cast(TypeSArray)toStaticArrayType(se1);
            TypeSArray tsa2 = null;
            if (e2x.op == TOK.arrayLiteral)
                tsa2 = cast(TypeSArray)t2.nextOf().sarrayOf((cast(ArrayLiteralExp)e2x).elements.dim);
            else if (e2x.op == TOK.slice)
                tsa2 = cast(TypeSArray)toStaticArrayType(cast(SliceExp)e2x);
            else if (t2.ty == Tsarray)
                tsa2 = cast(TypeSArray)t2;
            if (tsa1 && tsa2)
            {
                uinteger_t dim1 = tsa1.dim.toInteger();
                uinteger_t dim2 = tsa2.dim.toInteger();
                if (dim1 != dim2)
                {
                    exp.error("mismatched array lengths, %d and %d", cast(int)dim1, cast(int)dim2);
                    return setError();
                }
            }

            if (exp.op != TOK.blit &&
                (e2x.op == TOK.slice && (cast(UnaExp)e2x).e1.isLvalue() ||
                 e2x.op == TOK.cast_ && (cast(UnaExp)e2x).e1.isLvalue() ||
                 e2x.op != TOK.slice && e2x.isLvalue()))
            {
                if (exp.e1.checkPostblit(sc, t1.nextOf()))
                    return setError();
            }

            if (0 && global.params.warnings != Diagnostic.off && !global.gag && exp.op == TOK.assign &&
                e2x.op != TOK.slice && e2x.op != TOK.assign &&
                e2x.op != TOK.arrayLiteral && e2x.op != TOK.string_ &&
                !(e2x.op == TOK.add || e2x.op == TOK.min ||
                  e2x.op == TOK.mul || e2x.op == TOK.div ||
                  e2x.op == TOK.mod || e2x.op == TOK.xor ||
                  e2x.op == TOK.and || e2x.op == TOK.or ||
                  e2x.op == TOK.pow ||
                  e2x.op == TOK.tilde || e2x.op == TOK.negate))
            {
                const(char)* e1str = exp.e1.toChars();
                const(char)* e2str = e2x.toChars();
                exp.warning("explicit element-wise assignment `%s = (%s)[]` is better than `%s = %s`", e1str, e2str, e1str, e2str);
            }

            Type t2n = t2.nextOf();
            Type t1n = t1.nextOf();
            int offset;
            if (t2n.equivalent(t1n) ||
                t1n.isBaseOf(t2n, &offset) && offset == 0)
            {
                /* Allow copy of distinct qualifier elements.
                 * eg.
                 *  char[] dst;  const(char)[] src;
                 *  dst[] = src;
                 *
                 *  class C {}   class D : C {}
                 *  C[2] ca;  D[] da;
                 *  ca[] = da;
                 */
                if (isArrayOpValid(e2x))
                {
                    // Don't add CastExp to keep AST for array operations
                    e2x = e2x.copy();
                    e2x.type = exp.e1.type.constOf();
                }
                else
                    e2x = e2x.castTo(sc, exp.e1.type.constOf());
            }
            else
            {
                /* https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=15778
                 * A string literal has an array type of immutable
                 * elements by default, and normally it cannot be convertible to
                 * array type of mutable elements. But for element-wise assignment,
                 * elements need to be const at best. So we should give a chance
                 * to change code unit size for polysemous string literal.
                 */
                if (e2x.op == TOK.string_)
                    e2x = e2x.implicitCastTo(sc, exp.e1.type.constOf());
                else
                    e2x = e2x.implicitCastTo(sc, exp.e1.type);
            }
            if (t1n.toBasetype.ty == Tvoid && t2n.toBasetype.ty == Tvoid)
            {
                if (!sc.intypeof && sc.func && sc.func.setUnsafe() && !(sc.flags & SCOPE.debug_))
                {
                    exp.error("cannot copy `void[]` to `void[]` in `@safe` code");
                    return setError();
                }
            }
        }
        else
        {
            if (0 && global.params.warnings != Diagnostic.off && !global.gag && exp.op == TOK.assign &&
                t1.ty == Tarray && t2.ty == Tsarray &&
                e2x.op != TOK.slice &&
                t2.implicitConvTo(t1))
            {
                // Disallow ar[] = sa (Converted to ar[] = sa[])
                // Disallow da   = sa (Converted to da   = sa[])
                const(char)* e1str = exp.e1.toChars();
                const(char)* e2str = e2x.toChars();
                const(char)* atypestr = exp.e1.op == TOK.slice ? "element-wise" : "slice";
                exp.warning("explicit %s assignment `%s = (%s)[]` is better than `%s = %s`", atypestr, e1str, e2str, e1str, e2str);
            }
            if (exp.op == TOK.blit)
                e2x = e2x.castTo(sc, exp.e1.type);
            else
            {
                e2x = e2x.implicitCastTo(sc, exp.e1.type);

                // Fix Issue 13435: https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=13435

                // If the implicit cast has failed and the assign expression is
                // the initialization of a struct member field
                if (e2x.op == TOK.error && exp.op == TOK.construct && t1.ty == Tstruct)
                {
                    scope sd = (cast(TypeStruct)t1).sym;
                    Dsymbol opAssign = search_function(sd, Id.assign);

                    // and the struct defines an opAssign
                    if (opAssign)
                    {
                        // offer more information about the cause of the problem
                        errorSupplemental(exp.loc,
                                          "`%s` is the first assignment of `%s` therefore it represents its initialization",
                                          exp.toChars(), exp.e1.toChars());
                        errorSupplemental(exp.loc,
                                          "`opAssign` methods are not used for initialization, but for subsequent assignments");
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        if (e2x.op == TOK.error)
        {
            result = e2x;
            return;
        }
        exp.e2 = e2x;
        t2 = exp.e2.type.toBasetype();

        /* Look for array operations
         */
        if ((t2.ty == Tarray || t2.ty == Tsarray) && isArrayOpValid(exp.e2))
        {
            // Look for valid array operations
            if (!(exp.memset & MemorySet.blockAssign) &&
                exp.e1.op == TOK.slice &&
                (isUnaArrayOp(exp.e2.op) || isBinArrayOp(exp.e2.op)))
            {
                exp.type = exp.e1.type;
                if (exp.op == TOK.construct) // https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=10282
                                        // tweak mutability of e1 element
                    exp.e1.type = exp.e1.type.nextOf().mutableOf().arrayOf();
                result = arrayOp(exp, sc);
                return;
            }

            // Drop invalid array operations in e2
            //  d = a[] + b[], d = (a[] + b[])[0..2], etc
            if (checkNonAssignmentArrayOp(exp.e2, !(exp.memset & MemorySet.blockAssign) && exp.op == TOK.assign))
                return setError();

            // Remains valid array assignments
            //  d = d[], d = [1,2,3], etc
        }

        /* Don't allow assignment to classes that were allocated on the stack with:
         *      scope Class c = new Class();
         */
        if (exp.e1.op == TOK.variable && exp.op == TOK.assign)
        {
            VarExp ve = cast(VarExp)exp.e1;
            VarDeclaration vd = ve.var.isVarDeclaration();
            if (vd && (vd.onstack || vd.mynew))
            {
                assert(t1.ty == Tclass);
                exp.error("cannot rebind scope variables");
            }
        }

        if (exp.e1.op == TOK.variable && (cast(VarExp)exp.e1).var.ident == Id.ctfe)
        {
            exp.error("cannot modify compiler-generated variable `__ctfe`");
        }

        exp.type = exp.e1.type;
        assert(exp.type);
        auto res = exp.op == TOK.assign ? exp.reorderSettingAAElem(sc) : exp;
        checkAssignEscape(sc, res, false);
        result = res;
    }

    override void visit(PowAssignExp exp)
    {
        if (exp.type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        Expression e = exp.op_overload(sc);
        if (e)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        if (exp.e1.checkReadModifyWrite(exp.op, exp.e2))
            return setError();

        assert(exp.e1.type && exp.e2.type);
        if (exp.e1.op == TOK.slice || exp.e1.type.ty == Tarray || exp.e1.type.ty == Tsarray)
        {
            if (checkNonAssignmentArrayOp(exp.e1))
                return setError();

            // T[] ^^= ...
            if (exp.e2.implicitConvTo(exp.e1.type.nextOf()))
            {
                // T[] ^^= T
                exp.e2 = exp.e2.castTo(sc, exp.e1.type.nextOf());
            }
            else if (Expression ex = typeCombine(exp, sc))
            {
                result = ex;
                return;
            }

            // Check element types are arithmetic
            Type tb1 = exp.e1.type.nextOf().toBasetype();
            Type tb2 = exp.e2.type.toBasetype();
            if (tb2.ty == Tarray || tb2.ty == Tsarray)
                tb2 = tb2.nextOf().toBasetype();
            if ((tb1.isintegral() || tb1.isfloating()) && (tb2.isintegral() || tb2.isfloating()))
            {
                exp.type = exp.e1.type;
                result = arrayOp(exp, sc);
                return;
            }
        }
        else
        {
            exp.e1 = exp.e1.modifiableLvalue(sc, exp.e1);
        }

        if ((exp.e1.type.isintegral() || exp.e1.type.isfloating()) && (exp.e2.type.isintegral() || exp.e2.type.isfloating()))
        {
            Expression e0 = null;
            e = exp.reorderSettingAAElem(sc);
            e = Expression.extractLast(e, e0);
            assert(e == exp);

            if (exp.e1.op == TOK.variable)
            {
                // Rewrite: e1 = e1 ^^ e2
                e = new PowExp(exp.loc, exp.e1.syntaxCopy(), exp.e2);
                e = new AssignExp(exp.loc, exp.e1, e);
            }
            else
            {
                // Rewrite: ref tmp = e1; tmp = tmp ^^ e2
                auto v = copyToTemp(STC.ref_, "__powtmp", exp.e1);
                auto de = new DeclarationExp(exp.e1.loc, v);
                auto ve = new VarExp(exp.e1.loc, v);
                e = new PowExp(exp.loc, ve, exp.e2);
                e = new AssignExp(exp.loc, new VarExp(exp.e1.loc, v), e);
                e = new CommaExp(exp.loc, de, e);
            }
            e = Expression.combine(e0, e);
            e = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
            result = e;
            return;
        }
        result = exp.incompatibleTypes();
    }

    override void visit(CatAssignExp exp)
    {
        if (exp.type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        //printf("CatAssignExp::semantic() %s\n", exp.toChars());
        Expression e = exp.op_overload(sc);
        if (e)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        if (exp.e1.op == TOK.slice)
        {
            SliceExp se = cast(SliceExp)exp.e1;
            if (se.e1.type.toBasetype().ty == Tsarray)
            {
                exp.error("cannot append to static array `%s`", se.e1.type.toChars());
                return setError();
            }
        }

        exp.e1 = exp.e1.modifiableLvalue(sc, exp.e1);
        if (exp.e1.op == TOK.error)
        {
            result = exp.e1;
            return;
        }
        if (exp.e2.op == TOK.error)
        {
            result = exp.e2;
            return;
        }

        if (checkNonAssignmentArrayOp(exp.e2))
            return setError();

        Type tb1 = exp.e1.type.toBasetype();
        Type tb1next = tb1.nextOf();
        Type tb2 = exp.e2.type.toBasetype();

        /* Possibilities:
         * TOK.concatenateAssign: appending T[] to T[]
         * TOK.concatenateElemAssign: appending T to T[]
         * TOK.concatenateDcharAssign: appending dchar to T[]
         */
        if ((tb1.ty == Tarray) &&
            (tb2.ty == Tarray || tb2.ty == Tsarray) &&
            (exp.e2.implicitConvTo(exp.e1.type) ||
             (tb2.nextOf().implicitConvTo(tb1next) &&
              (tb2.nextOf().size(Loc.initial) == tb1next.size(Loc.initial)))))
        {
            // TOK.concatenateAssign
            assert(exp.op == TOK.concatenateAssign);
            if (exp.e1.checkPostblit(sc, tb1next))
                return setError();

            exp.e2 = exp.e2.castTo(sc, exp.e1.type);
        }
        else if ((tb1.ty == Tarray) && exp.e2.implicitConvTo(tb1next))
        {
            // Append element
            if (exp.e2.checkPostblit(sc, tb2))
                return setError();

            if (checkNewEscape(sc, exp.e2, false))
                return setError();

            exp.op = TOK.concatenateElemAssign;
            exp.e2 = exp.e2.castTo(sc, tb1next);
            exp.e2 = doCopyOrMove(sc, exp.e2);
        }
        else if (tb1.ty == Tarray &&
                 (tb1next.ty == Tchar || tb1next.ty == Twchar) &&
                 exp.e2.type.ty != tb1next.ty &&
                 exp.e2.implicitConvTo(Type.tdchar))
        {
            // Append dchar to char[] or wchar[]
            exp.op = TOK.concatenateDcharAssign;
            exp.e2 = exp.e2.castTo(sc, Type.tdchar);

            /* Do not allow appending wchar to char[] because if wchar happens
             * to be a surrogate pair, nothing good can result.
             */
        }
        else
        {
            // Try alias this on first operand
            static Expression tryAliasThisForLhs(BinAssignExp exp, Scope* sc)
            {
                AggregateDeclaration ad1 = isAggregate(exp.e1.type);
                if (!ad1 || !ad1.aliasthis)
                    return null;

                /* Rewrite (e1 op e2) as:
                 *      (e1.aliasthis op e2)
                 */
                if (exp.att1 && exp.e1.type == exp.att1)
                    return null;
                //printf("att %s e1 = %s\n", Token::toChars(e.op), e.e1.type.toChars());
                Expression e1 = new DotIdExp(exp.loc, exp.e1, ad1.aliasthis.ident);
                BinExp be = cast(BinExp)exp.copy();
                if (!be.att1 && exp.e1.type.checkAliasThisRec())
                    be.att1 = exp.e1.type;
                be.e1 = e1;
                return be.trySemantic(sc);
            }

            // Try alias this on second operand
            static Expression tryAliasThisForRhs(BinAssignExp exp, Scope* sc)
            {
                AggregateDeclaration ad2 = isAggregate(exp.e2.type);
                if (!ad2 || !ad2.aliasthis)
                    return null;
                /* Rewrite (e1 op e2) as:
                 *      (e1 op e2.aliasthis)
                 */
                if (exp.att2 && exp.e2.type == exp.att2)
                    return null;
                //printf("att %s e2 = %s\n", Token::toChars(e.op), e.e2.type.toChars());
                Expression e2 = new DotIdExp(exp.loc, exp.e2, ad2.aliasthis.ident);
                BinExp be = cast(BinExp)exp.copy();
                if (!be.att2 && exp.e2.type.checkAliasThisRec())
                    be.att2 = exp.e2.type;
                be.e2 = e2;
                return be.trySemantic(sc);
            }

            result = tryAliasThisForLhs(exp, sc);
            if (result)
                return;

            result = tryAliasThisForRhs(exp, sc);
            if (result)
                return;

            exp.error("cannot append type `%s` to type `%s`", tb2.toChars(), tb1.toChars());
            return setError();
        }

        if (exp.e2.checkValue())
            return setError();

        exp.type = exp.e1.type;
        auto res = exp.reorderSettingAAElem(sc);
        if ((exp.op == TOK.concatenateElemAssign || exp.op == TOK.concatenateDcharAssign) && global.params.vsafe)
            checkAssignEscape(sc, res, false);
        result = res;
    }

    override void visit(AddExp exp)
    {
        static if (LOGSEMANTIC)
        {
            printf("AddExp::semantic('%s')\n", exp.toChars());
        }
        if (exp.type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        if (Expression ex = binSemanticProp(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }
        Expression e = exp.op_overload(sc);
        if (e)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        Type tb1 = exp.e1.type.toBasetype();
        Type tb2 = exp.e2.type.toBasetype();

        bool err = false;
        if (tb1.ty == Tdelegate || tb1.ty == Tpointer && tb1.nextOf().ty == Tfunction)
        {
            err |= exp.e1.checkArithmetic();
        }
        if (tb2.ty == Tdelegate || tb2.ty == Tpointer && tb2.nextOf().ty == Tfunction)
        {
            err |= exp.e2.checkArithmetic();
        }
        if (err)
            return setError();

        if (tb1.ty == Tpointer && exp.e2.type.isintegral() || tb2.ty == Tpointer && exp.e1.type.isintegral())
        {
            result = scaleFactor(exp, sc);
            return;
        }

        if (tb1.ty == Tpointer && tb2.ty == Tpointer)
        {
            result = exp.incompatibleTypes();
            return;
        }

        if (Expression ex = typeCombine(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }

        Type tb = exp.type.toBasetype();
        if (tb.ty == Tarray || tb.ty == Tsarray)
        {
            if (!isArrayOpValid(exp))
            {
                result = arrayOpInvalidError(exp);
                return;
            }
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        tb1 = exp.e1.type.toBasetype();
        if (!Target.isVectorOpSupported(tb1, exp.op, tb2))
        {
            result = exp.incompatibleTypes();
            return;
        }
        if ((tb1.isreal() && exp.e2.type.isimaginary()) || (tb1.isimaginary() && exp.e2.type.isreal()))
        {
            switch (exp.type.toBasetype().ty)
            {
            case Tfloat32:
            case Timaginary32:
                exp.type = Type.tcomplex32;
                break;

            case Tfloat64:
            case Timaginary64:
                exp.type = Type.tcomplex64;
                break;

            case Tfloat80:
            case Timaginary80:
                exp.type = Type.tcomplex80;
                break;

            default:
                assert(0);
            }
        }
        result = exp;
    }

    override void visit(MinExp exp)
    {
        static if (LOGSEMANTIC)
        {
            printf("MinExp::semantic('%s')\n", exp.toChars());
        }
        if (exp.type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        if (Expression ex = binSemanticProp(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }
        Expression e = exp.op_overload(sc);
        if (e)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        Type t1 = exp.e1.type.toBasetype();
        Type t2 = exp.e2.type.toBasetype();

        bool err = false;
        if (t1.ty == Tdelegate || t1.ty == Tpointer && t1.nextOf().ty == Tfunction)
        {
            err |= exp.e1.checkArithmetic();
        }
        if (t2.ty == Tdelegate || t2.ty == Tpointer && t2.nextOf().ty == Tfunction)
        {
            err |= exp.e2.checkArithmetic();
        }
        if (err)
            return setError();

        if (t1.ty == Tpointer)
        {
            if (t2.ty == Tpointer)
            {
                // https://dlang.org/spec/expression.html#add_expressions
                // "If both operands are pointers, and the operator is -, the pointers are
                // subtracted and the result is divided by the size of the type pointed to
                // by the operands. It is an error if the pointers point to different types."
                Type p1 = t1.nextOf();
                Type p2 = t2.nextOf();

                if (!p1.equivalent(p2))
                {
                    // Deprecation to remain for at least a year, after which this should be
                    // changed to an error
                    // See https://github.com/dlang/dmd/pull/7332
                    deprecation(exp.loc,
                        "cannot subtract pointers to different types: `%s` and `%s`.",
                        t1.toChars(), t2.toChars());
                }

                // Need to divide the result by the stride
                // Replace (ptr - ptr) with (ptr - ptr) / stride
                d_int64 stride;

                // make sure pointer types are compatible
                if (Expression ex = typeCombine(exp, sc))
                {
                    result = ex;
                    return;
                }

                exp.type = Type.tptrdiff_t;
                stride = t2.nextOf().size();
                if (stride == 0)
                {
                    e = new IntegerExp(exp.loc, 0, Type.tptrdiff_t);
                }
                else
                {
                    e = new DivExp(exp.loc, exp, new IntegerExp(Loc.initial, stride, Type.tptrdiff_t));
                    e.type = Type.tptrdiff_t;
                }
            }
            else if (t2.isintegral())
                e = scaleFactor(exp, sc);
            else
            {
                exp.error("can't subtract `%s` from pointer", t2.toChars());
                e = new ErrorExp();
            }
            result = e;
            return;
        }
        if (t2.ty == Tpointer)
        {
            exp.type = exp.e2.type;
            exp.error("can't subtract pointer from `%s`", exp.e1.type.toChars());
            return setError();
        }

        if (Expression ex = typeCombine(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }

        Type tb = exp.type.toBasetype();
        if (tb.ty == Tarray || tb.ty == Tsarray)
        {
            if (!isArrayOpValid(exp))
            {
                result = arrayOpInvalidError(exp);
                return;
            }
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        t1 = exp.e1.type.toBasetype();
        t2 = exp.e2.type.toBasetype();
        if (!Target.isVectorOpSupported(t1, exp.op, t2))
        {
            result = exp.incompatibleTypes();
            return;
        }
        if ((t1.isreal() && t2.isimaginary()) || (t1.isimaginary() && t2.isreal()))
        {
            switch (exp.type.ty)
            {
            case Tfloat32:
            case Timaginary32:
                exp.type = Type.tcomplex32;
                break;

            case Tfloat64:
            case Timaginary64:
                exp.type = Type.tcomplex64;
                break;

            case Tfloat80:
            case Timaginary80:
                exp.type = Type.tcomplex80;
                break;

            default:
                assert(0);
            }
        }
        result = exp;
        return;
    }

    override void visit(CatExp exp)
    {
        // https://dlang.org/spec/expression.html#cat_expressions
        //printf("CatExp.semantic() %s\n", toChars());
        if (exp.type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        if (Expression ex = binSemanticProp(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }
        Expression e = exp.op_overload(sc);
        if (e)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        Type tb1 = exp.e1.type.toBasetype();
        Type tb2 = exp.e2.type.toBasetype();

        auto f1 = checkNonAssignmentArrayOp(exp.e1);
        auto f2 = checkNonAssignmentArrayOp(exp.e2);
        if (f1 || f2)
            return setError();

        /* BUG: Should handle things like:
         *      char c;
         *      c ~ ' '
         *      ' ' ~ c;
         */

        Type tb1next = tb1.nextOf();
        Type tb2next = tb2.nextOf();

        // Check for: array ~ array
        if (tb1next && tb2next && (tb1next.implicitConvTo(tb2next) >= MATCH.constant || tb2next.implicitConvTo(tb1next) >= MATCH.constant || exp.e1.op == TOK.arrayLiteral && exp.e1.implicitConvTo(tb2) || exp.e2.op == TOK.arrayLiteral && exp.e2.implicitConvTo(tb1)))
        {
            /* https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=9248
             * Here to avoid the case of:
             *    void*[] a = [cast(void*)1];
             *    void*[] b = [cast(void*)2];
             *    a ~ b;
             * becoming:
             *    a ~ [cast(void*)b];
             */

            /* https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=14682
             * Also to avoid the case of:
             *    int[][] a;
             *    a ~ [];
             * becoming:
             *    a ~ cast(int[])[];
             */
            goto Lpeer;
        }

        // Check for: array ~ element
        if ((tb1.ty == Tsarray || tb1.ty == Tarray) && tb2.ty != Tvoid)
        {
            if (exp.e1.op == TOK.arrayLiteral)
            {
                exp.e2 = doCopyOrMove(sc, exp.e2);
                // https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=14686
                // Postblit call appears in AST, and this is
                // finally translated  to an ArrayLiteralExp in below optimize().
            }
            else if (exp.e1.op == TOK.string_)
            {
                // No postblit call exists on character (integer) value.
            }
            else
            {
                if (exp.e2.checkPostblit(sc, tb2))
                    return setError();
                // Postblit call will be done in runtime helper function
            }

            if (exp.e1.op == TOK.arrayLiteral && exp.e1.implicitConvTo(tb2.arrayOf()))
            {
                exp.e1 = exp.e1.implicitCastTo(sc, tb2.arrayOf());
                exp.type = tb2.arrayOf();
                goto L2elem;
            }
            if (exp.e2.implicitConvTo(tb1next) >= MATCH.convert)
            {
                exp.e2 = exp.e2.implicitCastTo(sc, tb1next);
                exp.type = tb1next.arrayOf();
            L2elem:
                if (tb2.ty == Tarray || tb2.ty == Tsarray)
                {
                    // Make e2 into [e2]
                    exp.e2 = new ArrayLiteralExp(exp.e2.loc, exp.type, exp.e2);
                }
                else if (checkNewEscape(sc, exp.e2, false))
                    return setError();
                result = exp.optimize(WANTvalue);
                return;
            }
        }
        // Check for: element ~ array
        if ((tb2.ty == Tsarray || tb2.ty == Tarray) && tb1.ty != Tvoid)
        {
            if (exp.e2.op == TOK.arrayLiteral)
            {
                exp.e1 = doCopyOrMove(sc, exp.e1);
            }
            else if (exp.e2.op == TOK.string_)
            {
            }
            else
            {
                if (exp.e1.checkPostblit(sc, tb1))
                    return setError();
            }

            if (exp.e2.op == TOK.arrayLiteral && exp.e2.implicitConvTo(tb1.arrayOf()))
            {
                exp.e2 = exp.e2.implicitCastTo(sc, tb1.arrayOf());
                exp.type = tb1.arrayOf();
                goto L1elem;
            }
            if (exp.e1.implicitConvTo(tb2next) >= MATCH.convert)
            {
                exp.e1 = exp.e1.implicitCastTo(sc, tb2next);
                exp.type = tb2next.arrayOf();
            L1elem:
                if (tb1.ty == Tarray || tb1.ty == Tsarray)
                {
                    // Make e1 into [e1]
                    exp.e1 = new ArrayLiteralExp(exp.e1.loc, exp.type, exp.e1);
                }
                else if (checkNewEscape(sc, exp.e1, false))
                    return setError();
                result = exp.optimize(WANTvalue);
                return;
            }
        }

    Lpeer:
        if ((tb1.ty == Tsarray || tb1.ty == Tarray) && (tb2.ty == Tsarray || tb2.ty == Tarray) && (tb1next.mod || tb2next.mod) && (tb1next.mod != tb2next.mod))
        {
            Type t1 = tb1next.mutableOf().constOf().arrayOf();
            Type t2 = tb2next.mutableOf().constOf().arrayOf();
            if (exp.e1.op == TOK.string_ && !(cast(StringExp)exp.e1).committed)
                exp.e1.type = t1;
            else
                exp.e1 = exp.e1.castTo(sc, t1);
            if (exp.e2.op == TOK.string_ && !(cast(StringExp)exp.e2).committed)
                exp.e2.type = t2;
            else
                exp.e2 = exp.e2.castTo(sc, t2);
        }

        if (Expression ex = typeCombine(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }
        exp.type = exp.type.toHeadMutable();

        Type tb = exp.type.toBasetype();
        if (tb.ty == Tsarray)
            exp.type = tb.nextOf().arrayOf();
        if (exp.type.ty == Tarray && tb1next && tb2next && tb1next.mod != tb2next.mod)
        {
            exp.type = exp.type.nextOf().toHeadMutable().arrayOf();
        }
        if (Type tbn = tb.nextOf())
        {
            if (exp.checkPostblit(sc, tbn))
                return setError();
        }
        Type t1 = exp.e1.type.toBasetype();
        Type t2 = exp.e2.type.toBasetype();
        if ((t1.ty == Tarray || t1.ty == Tsarray) &&
            (t2.ty == Tarray || t2.ty == Tsarray))
        {
            // Normalize to ArrayLiteralExp or StringExp as far as possible
            e = exp.optimize(WANTvalue);
        }
        else
        {
            //printf("(%s) ~ (%s)\n", e1.toChars(), e2.toChars());
            result = exp.incompatibleTypes();
            return;
        }

        result = e;
    }

    override void visit(MulExp exp)
    {
        version (none)
        {
            printf("MulExp::semantic() %s\n", exp.toChars());
        }
        if (exp.type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        if (Expression ex = binSemanticProp(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }
        Expression e = exp.op_overload(sc);
        if (e)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        if (Expression ex = typeCombine(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }

        Type tb = exp.type.toBasetype();
        if (tb.ty == Tarray || tb.ty == Tsarray)
        {
            if (!isArrayOpValid(exp))
            {
                result = arrayOpInvalidError(exp);
                return;
            }
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        if (exp.checkArithmeticBin())
            return setError();

        if (exp.type.isfloating())
        {
            Type t1 = exp.e1.type;
            Type t2 = exp.e2.type;

            if (t1.isreal())
            {
                exp.type = t2;
            }
            else if (t2.isreal())
            {
                exp.type = t1;
            }
            else if (t1.isimaginary())
            {
                if (t2.isimaginary())
                {
                    switch (t1.toBasetype().ty)
                    {
                    case Timaginary32:
                        exp.type = Type.tfloat32;
                        break;

                    case Timaginary64:
                        exp.type = Type.tfloat64;
                        break;

                    case Timaginary80:
                        exp.type = Type.tfloat80;
                        break;

                    default:
                        assert(0);
                    }

                    // iy * iv = -yv
                    exp.e1.type = exp.type;
                    exp.e2.type = exp.type;
                    e = new NegExp(exp.loc, exp);
                    e = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
                    result = e;
                    return;
                }
                else
                    exp.type = t2; // t2 is complex
            }
            else if (t2.isimaginary())
            {
                exp.type = t1; // t1 is complex
            }
        }
        else if (!Target.isVectorOpSupported(tb, exp.op, exp.e2.type.toBasetype()))
        {
            result = exp.incompatibleTypes();
            return;
        }
        result = exp;
    }

    override void visit(DivExp exp)
    {
        if (exp.type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        if (Expression ex = binSemanticProp(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }
        Expression e = exp.op_overload(sc);
        if (e)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        if (Expression ex = typeCombine(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }

        Type tb = exp.type.toBasetype();
        if (tb.ty == Tarray || tb.ty == Tsarray)
        {
            if (!isArrayOpValid(exp))
            {
                result = arrayOpInvalidError(exp);
                return;
            }
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        if (exp.checkArithmeticBin())
            return setError();

        if (exp.type.isfloating())
        {
            Type t1 = exp.e1.type;
            Type t2 = exp.e2.type;

            if (t1.isreal())
            {
                exp.type = t2;
                if (t2.isimaginary())
                {
                    // x/iv = i(-x/v)
                    exp.e2.type = t1;
                    e = new NegExp(exp.loc, exp);
                    e = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
                    result = e;
                    return;
                }
            }
            else if (t2.isreal())
            {
                exp.type = t1;
            }
            else if (t1.isimaginary())
            {
                if (t2.isimaginary())
                {
                    switch (t1.toBasetype().ty)
                    {
                    case Timaginary32:
                        exp.type = Type.tfloat32;
                        break;

                    case Timaginary64:
                        exp.type = Type.tfloat64;
                        break;

                    case Timaginary80:
                        exp.type = Type.tfloat80;
                        break;

                    default:
                        assert(0);
                    }
                }
                else
                    exp.type = t2; // t2 is complex
            }
            else if (t2.isimaginary())
            {
                exp.type = t1; // t1 is complex
            }
        }
        else if (!Target.isVectorOpSupported(tb, exp.op, exp.e2.type.toBasetype()))
        {
            result = exp.incompatibleTypes();
            return;
        }
        result = exp;
    }

    override void visit(ModExp exp)
    {
        if (exp.type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        if (Expression ex = binSemanticProp(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }
        Expression e = exp.op_overload(sc);
        if (e)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        if (Expression ex = typeCombine(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }

        Type tb = exp.type.toBasetype();
        if (tb.ty == Tarray || tb.ty == Tsarray)
        {
            if (!isArrayOpValid(exp))
            {
                result = arrayOpInvalidError(exp);
                return;
            }
            result = exp;
            return;
        }
        if (!Target.isVectorOpSupported(tb, exp.op, exp.e2.type.toBasetype()))
        {
            result = exp.incompatibleTypes();
            return;
        }

        if (exp.checkArithmeticBin())
            return setError();

        if (exp.type.isfloating())
        {
            exp.type = exp.e1.type;
            if (exp.e2.type.iscomplex())
            {
                exp.error("cannot perform modulo complex arithmetic");
                return setError();
            }
        }
        result = exp;
    }

    override void visit(PowExp exp)
    {
        if (exp.type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        //printf("PowExp::semantic() %s\n", toChars());
        if (Expression ex = binSemanticProp(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }
        Expression e = exp.op_overload(sc);
        if (e)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        if (Expression ex = typeCombine(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }

        Type tb = exp.type.toBasetype();
        if (tb.ty == Tarray || tb.ty == Tsarray)
        {
            if (!isArrayOpValid(exp))
            {
                result = arrayOpInvalidError(exp);
                return;
            }
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        if (exp.checkArithmeticBin())
            return setError();

        if (!Target.isVectorOpSupported(tb, exp.op, exp.e2.type.toBasetype()))
        {
            result = exp.incompatibleTypes();
            return;
        }

        // For built-in numeric types, there are several cases.
        // TODO: backend support, especially for  e1 ^^ 2.

        // First, attempt to fold the expression.
        e = exp.optimize(WANTvalue);
        if (e.op != TOK.pow)
        {
            e = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        // Determine if we're raising to an integer power.
        sinteger_t intpow = 0;
        if (exp.e2.op == TOK.int64 && (cast(sinteger_t)exp.e2.toInteger() == 2 || cast(sinteger_t)exp.e2.toInteger() == 3))
            intpow = exp.e2.toInteger();
        else if (exp.e2.op == TOK.float64 && (exp.e2.toReal() == real_t(cast(sinteger_t)exp.e2.toReal())))
            intpow = cast(sinteger_t)exp.e2.toReal();

        // Deal with x^^2, x^^3 immediately, since they are of practical importance.
        if (intpow == 2 || intpow == 3)
        {
            // Replace x^^2 with (tmp = x, tmp*tmp)
            // Replace x^^3 with (tmp = x, tmp*tmp*tmp)
            auto tmp = copyToTemp(0, "__powtmp", exp.e1);
            Expression de = new DeclarationExp(exp.loc, tmp);
            Expression ve = new VarExp(exp.loc, tmp);

            /* Note that we're reusing ve. This should be ok.
             */
            Expression me = new MulExp(exp.loc, ve, ve);
            if (intpow == 3)
                me = new MulExp(exp.loc, me, ve);
            e = new CommaExp(exp.loc, de, me);
            e = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        Module mmath = loadStdMath();
        if (!mmath)
        {
            e.error("`%s` requires `std.math` for `^^` operators", e.toChars());
            return setError();
        }
        e = new ScopeExp(exp.loc, mmath);

        if (exp.e2.op == TOK.float64 && exp.e2.toReal() == CTFloat.half)
        {
            // Replace e1 ^^ 0.5 with .std.math.sqrt(x)
            e = new CallExp(exp.loc, new DotIdExp(exp.loc, e, Id._sqrt), exp.e1);
        }
        else
        {
            // Replace e1 ^^ e2 with .std.math.pow(e1, e2)
            e = new CallExp(exp.loc, new DotIdExp(exp.loc, e, Id._pow), exp.e1, exp.e2);
        }
        e = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
        result = e;
        return;
    }

    override void visit(ShlExp exp)
    {
        //printf("ShlExp::semantic(), type = %p\n", type);
        if (exp.type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        if (Expression ex = binSemanticProp(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }
        Expression e = exp.op_overload(sc);
        if (e)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        if (exp.checkIntegralBin())
            return setError();

        if (!Target.isVectorOpSupported(exp.e1.type.toBasetype(), exp.op, exp.e2.type.toBasetype()))
        {
            result = exp.incompatibleTypes();
            return;
        }
        exp.e1 = integralPromotions(exp.e1, sc);
        if (exp.e2.type.toBasetype().ty != Tvector)
            exp.e2 = exp.e2.castTo(sc, Type.tshiftcnt);

        exp.type = exp.e1.type;
        result = exp;
    }

    override void visit(ShrExp exp)
    {
        if (exp.type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        if (Expression ex = binSemanticProp(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }
        Expression e = exp.op_overload(sc);
        if (e)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        if (exp.checkIntegralBin())
            return setError();

        if (!Target.isVectorOpSupported(exp.e1.type.toBasetype(), exp.op, exp.e2.type.toBasetype()))
        {
            result = exp.incompatibleTypes();
            return;
        }
        exp.e1 = integralPromotions(exp.e1, sc);
        if (exp.e2.type.toBasetype().ty != Tvector)
            exp.e2 = exp.e2.castTo(sc, Type.tshiftcnt);

        exp.type = exp.e1.type;
        result = exp;
    }

    override void visit(UshrExp exp)
    {
        if (exp.type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        if (Expression ex = binSemanticProp(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }
        Expression e = exp.op_overload(sc);
        if (e)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        if (exp.checkIntegralBin())
            return setError();

        if (!Target.isVectorOpSupported(exp.e1.type.toBasetype(), exp.op, exp.e2.type.toBasetype()))
        {
            result = exp.incompatibleTypes();
            return;
        }
        exp.e1 = integralPromotions(exp.e1, sc);
        if (exp.e2.type.toBasetype().ty != Tvector)
            exp.e2 = exp.e2.castTo(sc, Type.tshiftcnt);

        exp.type = exp.e1.type;
        result = exp;
    }

    override void visit(AndExp exp)
    {
        if (exp.type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        if (Expression ex = binSemanticProp(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }
        Expression e = exp.op_overload(sc);
        if (e)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        if (exp.e1.type.toBasetype().ty == Tbool && exp.e2.type.toBasetype().ty == Tbool)
        {
            exp.type = exp.e1.type;
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        if (Expression ex = typeCombine(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }

        Type tb = exp.type.toBasetype();
        if (tb.ty == Tarray || tb.ty == Tsarray)
        {
            if (!isArrayOpValid(exp))
            {
                result = arrayOpInvalidError(exp);
                return;
            }
            result = exp;
            return;
        }
        if (!Target.isVectorOpSupported(tb, exp.op, exp.e2.type.toBasetype()))
        {
            result = exp.incompatibleTypes();
            return;
        }
        if (exp.checkIntegralBin())
            return setError();

        result = exp;
    }

    override void visit(OrExp exp)
    {
        if (exp.type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        if (Expression ex = binSemanticProp(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }
        Expression e = exp.op_overload(sc);
        if (e)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        if (exp.e1.type.toBasetype().ty == Tbool && exp.e2.type.toBasetype().ty == Tbool)
        {
            exp.type = exp.e1.type;
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        if (Expression ex = typeCombine(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }

        Type tb = exp.type.toBasetype();
        if (tb.ty == Tarray || tb.ty == Tsarray)
        {
            if (!isArrayOpValid(exp))
            {
                result = arrayOpInvalidError(exp);
                return;
            }
            result = exp;
            return;
        }
        if (!Target.isVectorOpSupported(tb, exp.op, exp.e2.type.toBasetype()))
        {
            result = exp.incompatibleTypes();
            return;
        }
        if (exp.checkIntegralBin())
            return setError();

        result = exp;
    }

    override void visit(XorExp exp)
    {
        if (exp.type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        if (Expression ex = binSemanticProp(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }
        Expression e = exp.op_overload(sc);
        if (e)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        if (exp.e1.type.toBasetype().ty == Tbool && exp.e2.type.toBasetype().ty == Tbool)
        {
            exp.type = exp.e1.type;
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        if (Expression ex = typeCombine(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }

        Type tb = exp.type.toBasetype();
        if (tb.ty == Tarray || tb.ty == Tsarray)
        {
            if (!isArrayOpValid(exp))
            {
                result = arrayOpInvalidError(exp);
                return;
            }
            result = exp;
            return;
        }
        if (!Target.isVectorOpSupported(tb, exp.op, exp.e2.type.toBasetype()))
        {
            result = exp.incompatibleTypes();
            return;
        }
        if (exp.checkIntegralBin())
            return setError();

        result = exp;
    }

    override void visit(LogicalExp exp)
    {
        if (exp.type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        exp.setNoderefOperands();

        Expression e1x = exp.e1.expressionSemantic(sc);

        // for static alias this: https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=17684
        if (e1x.op == TOK.type)
            e1x = resolveAliasThis(sc, e1x);

        e1x = resolveProperties(sc, e1x);
        e1x = e1x.toBoolean(sc);

        if (sc.flags & SCOPE.condition)
        {
            /* If in static if, don't evaluate e2 if we don't have to.
             */
            e1x = e1x.optimize(WANTvalue);
            if (e1x.isBool(exp.op == TOK.orOr))
            {
                result = new IntegerExp(exp.loc, exp.op == TOK.orOr, Type.tbool);
                return;
            }
        }

        CtorFlow ctorflow = sc.ctorflow.clone();
        Expression e2x = exp.e2.expressionSemantic(sc);
        sc.merge(exp.loc, ctorflow);
        ctorflow.freeFieldinit();

        // for static alias this: https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=17684
        if (e2x.op == TOK.type)
            e2x = resolveAliasThis(sc, e2x);

        e2x = resolveProperties(sc, e2x);

        auto f1 = checkNonAssignmentArrayOp(e1x);
        auto f2 = checkNonAssignmentArrayOp(e2x);
        if (f1 || f2)
            return setError();

        // Unless the right operand is 'void', the expression is converted to 'bool'.
        if (e2x.type.ty != Tvoid)
            e2x = e2x.toBoolean(sc);

        if (e2x.op == TOK.type || e2x.op == TOK.scope_)
        {
            exp.error("`%s` is not an expression", exp.e2.toChars());
            return setError();
        }
        if (e1x.op == TOK.error)
        {
            result = e1x;
            return;
        }
        if (e2x.op == TOK.error)
        {
            result = e2x;
            return;
        }

        // The result type is 'bool', unless the right operand has type 'void'.
        if (e2x.type.ty == Tvoid)
            exp.type = Type.tvoid;
        else
            exp.type = Type.tbool;

        exp.e1 = e1x;
        exp.e2 = e2x;
        result = exp;
    }


    override void visit(CmpExp exp)
    {
        static if (LOGSEMANTIC)
        {
            printf("CmpExp::semantic('%s')\n", exp.toChars());
        }
        if (exp.type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        exp.setNoderefOperands();

        if (Expression ex = binSemanticProp(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }
        Type t1 = exp.e1.type.toBasetype();
        Type t2 = exp.e2.type.toBasetype();
        if (t1.ty == Tclass && exp.e2.op == TOK.null_ || t2.ty == Tclass && exp.e1.op == TOK.null_)
        {
            exp.error("do not use `null` when comparing class types");
            return setError();
        }

        Expression e = exp.op_overload(sc);
        if (e)
        {
            if (!e.type.isscalar() && e.type.equals(exp.e1.type))
            {
                exp.error("recursive `opCmp` expansion");
                return setError();
            }
            if (e.op == TOK.call)
            {
                e = new CmpExp(exp.op, exp.loc, e, new IntegerExp(exp.loc, 0, Type.tint32));
                e = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
            }
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        if (Expression ex = typeCombine(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }

        auto f1 = checkNonAssignmentArrayOp(exp.e1);
        auto f2 = checkNonAssignmentArrayOp(exp.e2);
        if (f1 || f2)
            return setError();

        exp.type = Type.tbool;

        // Special handling for array comparisons
        Expression arrayLowering = null;
        t1 = exp.e1.type.toBasetype();
        t2 = exp.e2.type.toBasetype();
        if ((t1.ty == Tarray || t1.ty == Tsarray || t1.ty == Tpointer) && (t2.ty == Tarray || t2.ty == Tsarray || t2.ty == Tpointer))
        {
            Type t1next = t1.nextOf();
            Type t2next = t2.nextOf();
            if (t1next.implicitConvTo(t2next) < MATCH.constant && t2next.implicitConvTo(t1next) < MATCH.constant && (t1next.ty != Tvoid && t2next.ty != Tvoid))
            {
                exp.error("array comparison type mismatch, `%s` vs `%s`", t1next.toChars(), t2next.toChars());
                return setError();
            }
            if ((t1.ty == Tarray || t1.ty == Tsarray) && (t2.ty == Tarray || t2.ty == Tsarray))
            {
                // Lower to object.__cmp(e1, e2)
                Expression al = new IdentifierExp(exp.loc, Id.empty);
                al = new DotIdExp(exp.loc, al, Id.object);
                al = new DotIdExp(exp.loc, al, Id.__cmp);
                al = al.expressionSemantic(sc);

                auto arguments = new Expressions();
                arguments.push(exp.e1);
                arguments.push(exp.e2);

                al = new CallExp(exp.loc, al, arguments);
                al = new CmpExp(exp.op, exp.loc, al, new IntegerExp(0));

                arrayLowering = al;
            }
        }
        else if (t1.ty == Tstruct || t2.ty == Tstruct || (t1.ty == Tclass && t2.ty == Tclass))
        {
            if (t2.ty == Tstruct)
                exp.error("need member function `opCmp()` for %s `%s` to compare", t2.toDsymbol(sc).kind(), t2.toChars());
            else
                exp.error("need member function `opCmp()` for %s `%s` to compare", t1.toDsymbol(sc).kind(), t1.toChars());
            return setError();
        }
        else if (t1.iscomplex() || t2.iscomplex())
        {
            exp.error("compare not defined for complex operands");
            return setError();
        }
        else if (t1.ty == Taarray || t2.ty == Taarray)
        {
            exp.error("`%s` is not defined for associative arrays", Token.toChars(exp.op));
            return setError();
        }
        else if (!Target.isVectorOpSupported(t1, exp.op, t2))
        {
            result = exp.incompatibleTypes();
            return;
        }
        else
        {
            bool r1 = exp.e1.checkValue();
            bool r2 = exp.e2.checkValue();
            if (r1 || r2)
                return setError();
        }

        //printf("CmpExp: %s, type = %s\n", e.toChars(), e.type.toChars());
        if (arrayLowering)
        {
            arrayLowering = arrayLowering.expressionSemantic(sc);
            result = arrayLowering;
            return;
        }
        result = exp;
        return;
    }

    override void visit(InExp exp)
    {
        if (exp.type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        if (Expression ex = binSemanticProp(exp, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }
        Expression e = exp.op_overload(sc);
        if (e)
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        Type t2b = exp.e2.type.toBasetype();
        switch (t2b.ty)
        {
        case Taarray:
            {
                TypeAArray ta = cast(TypeAArray)t2b;

                // Special handling for array keys
                if (!arrayTypeCompatibleWithoutCasting(exp.e1.type, ta.index))
                {
                    // Convert key to type of key
                    exp.e1 = exp.e1.implicitCastTo(sc, ta.index);
                }

                semanticTypeInfo(sc, ta.index);

                // Return type is pointer to value
                exp.type = ta.nextOf().pointerTo();
                break;
            }

        case Terror:
            return setError();

        default:
            result = exp.incompatibleTypes();
            return;
        }
        result = exp;
    }

    override void visit(RemoveExp e)
    {
        if (Expression ex = binSemantic(e, sc))
        {
            result = ex;
            return;
        }
        result = e;
    }

    override void visit(EqualExp exp)
    {
        //printf("EqualExp::semantic('%s')\n", exp.toChars());
        if (exp.type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        exp.setNoderefOperands();

        if (auto e = binSemanticProp(exp, sc))
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }
        if (exp.e1.op == TOK.type || exp.e2.op == TOK.type)
        {
            result = exp.incompatibleTypes();
            return;
        }

        {
            auto t1 = exp.e1.type;
            auto t2 = exp.e2.type;
            if (t1.ty == Tenum && t2.ty == Tenum && !t1.equivalent(t2))
                exp.error("Comparison between different enumeration types `%s` and `%s`; If this behavior is intended consider using `std.conv.asOriginalType`",
                    t1.toChars(), t2.toChars());
        }

        /* Before checking for operator overloading, check to see if we're
         * comparing the addresses of two statics. If so, we can just see
         * if they are the same symbol.
         */
        if (exp.e1.op == TOK.address && exp.e2.op == TOK.address)
        {
            AddrExp ae1 = cast(AddrExp)exp.e1;
            AddrExp ae2 = cast(AddrExp)exp.e2;
            if (ae1.e1.op == TOK.variable && ae2.e1.op == TOK.variable)
            {
                VarExp ve1 = cast(VarExp)ae1.e1;
                VarExp ve2 = cast(VarExp)ae2.e1;
                if (ve1.var == ve2.var)
                {
                    // They are the same, result is 'true' for ==, 'false' for !=
                    result = new IntegerExp(exp.loc, (exp.op == TOK.equal), Type.tbool);
                    return;
                }
            }
        }

        Type t1 = exp.e1.type.toBasetype();
        Type t2 = exp.e2.type.toBasetype();

        bool needsDirectEq(Type t1, Type t2)
        {
            Type t1n = t1.nextOf().toBasetype();
            Type t2n = t2.nextOf().toBasetype();
            if (((t1n.ty == Tchar || t1n.ty == Twchar || t1n.ty == Tdchar) &&
                 (t2n.ty == Tchar || t2n.ty == Twchar || t2n.ty == Tdchar)) ||
                (t1n.ty == Tvoid || t2n.ty == Tvoid))
            {
                return false;
            }
            if (t1n.constOf() != t2n.constOf())
                return true;

            Type t = t1n;
            while (t.toBasetype().nextOf())
                t = t.nextOf().toBasetype();
            if (t.ty != Tstruct)
                return false;

            if (global.params.useTypeInfo && Type.dtypeinfo)
                semanticTypeInfo(sc, t);

            return (cast(TypeStruct)t).sym.hasIdentityEquals;
        }

        if (auto e = exp.op_overload(sc))
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }


        if (!(t1.ty == Tarray && t2.ty == Tarray && needsDirectEq(t1, t2)))
        {
            if (auto e = typeCombine(exp, sc))
            {
                result = e;
                return;
            }
        }

        auto f1 = checkNonAssignmentArrayOp(exp.e1);
        auto f2 = checkNonAssignmentArrayOp(exp.e2);
        if (f1 || f2)
            return setError();

        exp.type = Type.tbool;

        // Special handling for array comparisons
        if (!(t1.ty == Tarray && t2.ty == Tarray && needsDirectEq(t1, t2)))
        {
            if (!arrayTypeCompatible(exp.loc, exp.e1.type, exp.e2.type))
            {
                if (exp.e1.type != exp.e2.type && exp.e1.type.isfloating() && exp.e2.type.isfloating())
                {
                    // Cast both to complex
                    exp.e1 = exp.e1.castTo(sc, Type.tcomplex80);
                    exp.e2 = exp.e2.castTo(sc, Type.tcomplex80);
                }
            }
        }

        if (t1.ty == Tarray && t2.ty == Tarray)
        {
            //printf("Lowering to __equals %s %s\n", e1.toChars(), e2.toChars());

            // For e1 and e2 of struct type, lowers e1 == e2 to object.__equals(e1, e2)
            // and e1 != e2 to !(object.__equals(e1, e2)).

            Expression __equals = new IdentifierExp(exp.loc, Id.empty);
            Identifier id = Identifier.idPool("__equals");
            __equals = new DotIdExp(exp.loc, __equals, Id.object);
            __equals = new DotIdExp(exp.loc, __equals, id);

            auto arguments = new Expressions();
            arguments.push(exp.e1);
            arguments.push(exp.e2);

            __equals = new CallExp(exp.loc, __equals, arguments);
            if (exp.op == TOK.notEqual)
            {
                __equals = new NotExp(exp.loc, __equals);
            }
            __equals = __equals.expressionSemantic(sc);

            result = __equals;
            return;
        }

        if (exp.e1.type.toBasetype().ty == Taarray)
            semanticTypeInfo(sc, exp.e1.type.toBasetype());


        if (!Target.isVectorOpSupported(t1, exp.op, t2))
        {
            result = exp.incompatibleTypes();
            return;
        }

        result = exp;
    }

    override void visit(IdentityExp exp)
    {
        if (exp.type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        exp.setNoderefOperands();

        if (auto e = binSemanticProp(exp, sc))
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        if (auto e = typeCombine(exp, sc))
        {
            result = e;
            return;
        }

        auto f1 = checkNonAssignmentArrayOp(exp.e1);
        auto f2 = checkNonAssignmentArrayOp(exp.e2);
        if (f1 || f2)
            return setError();

        exp.type = Type.tbool;

        if (exp.e1.type != exp.e2.type && exp.e1.type.isfloating() && exp.e2.type.isfloating())
        {
            // Cast both to complex
            exp.e1 = exp.e1.castTo(sc, Type.tcomplex80);
            exp.e2 = exp.e2.castTo(sc, Type.tcomplex80);
        }

        auto tb1 = exp.e1.type.toBasetype();
        auto tb2 = exp.e2.type.toBasetype();
        if (!Target.isVectorOpSupported(tb1, exp.op, tb2))
        {
            result = exp.incompatibleTypes();
            return;
        }

        if (exp.e1.op == TOK.call)
            exp.e1 = (cast(CallExp)exp.e1).addDtorHook(sc);
        if (exp.e2.op == TOK.call)
            exp.e2 = (cast(CallExp)exp.e2).addDtorHook(sc);

        if (exp.e1.type.toBasetype().ty == Tsarray ||
            exp.e2.type.toBasetype().ty == Tsarray)
            exp.deprecation("identity comparison of static arrays "
                ~ "implicitly coerces them to slices, "
                ~ "which are compared by reference");

        result = exp;
    }

    override void visit(CondExp exp)
    {
        static if (LOGSEMANTIC)
        {
            printf("CondExp::semantic('%s')\n", exp.toChars());
        }
        if (exp.type)
        {
            result = exp;
            return;
        }

        if (exp.econd.op == TOK.dotIdentifier)
            (cast(DotIdExp)exp.econd).noderef = true;

        Expression ec = exp.econd.expressionSemantic(sc);
        ec = resolveProperties(sc, ec);
        ec = ec.toBoolean(sc);

        CtorFlow ctorflow_root = sc.ctorflow.clone();
        Expression e1x = exp.e1.expressionSemantic(sc);
        e1x = resolveProperties(sc, e1x);

        CtorFlow ctorflow1 = sc.ctorflow;
        sc.ctorflow = ctorflow_root;
        Expression e2x = exp.e2.expressionSemantic(sc);
        e2x = resolveProperties(sc, e2x);

        sc.merge(exp.loc, ctorflow1);
        ctorflow1.freeFieldinit();

        if (ec.op == TOK.error)
        {
            result = ec;
            return;
        }
        if (ec.type == Type.terror)
            return setError();
        exp.econd = ec;

        if (e1x.op == TOK.error)
        {
            result = e1x;
            return;
        }
        if (e1x.type == Type.terror)
            return setError();
        exp.e1 = e1x;

        if (e2x.op == TOK.error)
        {
            result = e2x;
            return;
        }
        if (e2x.type == Type.terror)
            return setError();
        exp.e2 = e2x;

        auto f0 = checkNonAssignmentArrayOp(exp.econd);
        auto f1 = checkNonAssignmentArrayOp(exp.e1);
        auto f2 = checkNonAssignmentArrayOp(exp.e2);
        if (f0 || f1 || f2)
            return setError();

        Type t1 = exp.e1.type;
        Type t2 = exp.e2.type;
        // If either operand is void the result is void, we have to cast both
        // the expression to void so that we explicitly discard the expression
        // value if any
        // https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=16598
        if (t1.ty == Tvoid || t2.ty == Tvoid)
        {
            exp.type = Type.tvoid;
            exp.e1 = exp.e1.castTo(sc, exp.type);
            exp.e2 = exp.e2.castTo(sc, exp.type);
        }
        else if (t1 == t2)
            exp.type = t1;
        else
        {
            if (Expression ex = typeCombine(exp, sc))
            {
                result = ex;
                return;
            }

            switch (exp.e1.type.toBasetype().ty)
            {
            case Tcomplex32:
            case Tcomplex64:
            case Tcomplex80:
                exp.e2 = exp.e2.castTo(sc, exp.e1.type);
                break;
            default:
                break;
            }
            switch (exp.e2.type.toBasetype().ty)
            {
            case Tcomplex32:
            case Tcomplex64:
            case Tcomplex80:
                exp.e1 = exp.e1.castTo(sc, exp.e2.type);
                break;
            default:
                break;
            }
            if (exp.type.toBasetype().ty == Tarray)
            {
                exp.e1 = exp.e1.castTo(sc, exp.type);
                exp.e2 = exp.e2.castTo(sc, exp.type);
            }
        }
        exp.type = exp.type.merge2();
        version (none)
        {
            printf("res: %s\n", exp.type.toChars());
            printf("e1 : %s\n", exp.e1.type.toChars());
            printf("e2 : %s\n", exp.e2.type.toChars());
        }

        /* https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=14696
         * If either e1 or e2 contain temporaries which need dtor,
         * make them conditional.
         * Rewrite:
         *      cond ? (__tmp1 = ..., __tmp1) : (__tmp2 = ..., __tmp2)
         * to:
         *      (auto __cond = cond) ? (... __tmp1) : (... __tmp2)
         * and replace edtors of __tmp1 and __tmp2 with:
         *      __tmp1.edtor --> __cond && __tmp1.dtor()
         *      __tmp2.edtor --> __cond || __tmp2.dtor()
         */
        exp.hookDtors(sc);

        result = exp;
    }

    override void visit(FileInitExp e)
    {
        //printf("FileInitExp::semantic()\n");
        e.type = Type.tstring;
        result = e;
    }

    override void visit(LineInitExp e)
    {
        e.type = Type.tint32;
        result = e;
    }

    override void visit(ModuleInitExp e)
    {
        //printf("ModuleInitExp::semantic()\n");
        e.type = Type.tstring;
        result = e;
    }

    override void visit(FuncInitExp e)
    {
        //printf("FuncInitExp::semantic()\n");
        e.type = Type.tstring;
        if (sc.func)
        {
            result = e.resolveLoc(Loc.initial, sc);
            return;
        }
        result = e;
    }

    override void visit(PrettyFuncInitExp e)
    {
        //printf("PrettyFuncInitExp::semantic()\n");
        e.type = Type.tstring;
        if (sc.func)
        {
            result = e.resolveLoc(Loc.initial, sc);
            return;
        }

        result = e;
    }
}

/**********************************
 * Try to run semantic routines.
 * If they fail, return NULL.
 */
Expression trySemantic(Expression exp, Scope* sc)
{
    //printf("+trySemantic(%s)\n", exp.toChars());
    uint errors = global.startGagging();
    Expression e = expressionSemantic(exp, sc);
    if (global.endGagging(errors))
    {
        e = null;
    }
    //printf("-trySemantic(%s)\n", exp.toChars());
    return e;
}

/**************************
 * Helper function for easy error propagation.
 * If error occurs, returns ErrorExp. Otherwise returns NULL.
 */
Expression unaSemantic(UnaExp e, Scope* sc)
{
    static if (LOGSEMANTIC)
    {
        printf("UnaExp::semantic('%s')\n", e.toChars());
    }
    Expression e1x = e.e1.expressionSemantic(sc);
    if (e1x.op == TOK.error)
        return e1x;
    e.e1 = e1x;
    return null;
}

/**************************
 * Helper function for easy error propagation.
 * If error occurs, returns ErrorExp. Otherwise returns NULL.
 */
Expression binSemantic(BinExp e, Scope* sc)
{
    static if (LOGSEMANTIC)
    {
        printf("BinExp::semantic('%s')\n", e.toChars());
    }
    Expression e1x = e.e1.expressionSemantic(sc);
    Expression e2x = e.e2.expressionSemantic(sc);

    // for static alias this: https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=17684
    if (e1x.op == TOK.type)
        e1x = resolveAliasThis(sc, e1x);
    if (e2x.op == TOK.type)
        e2x = resolveAliasThis(sc, e2x);

    if (e1x.op == TOK.error)
        return e1x;
    if (e2x.op == TOK.error)
        return e2x;
    e.e1 = e1x;
    e.e2 = e2x;
    return null;
}

Expression binSemanticProp(BinExp e, Scope* sc)
{
    if (Expression ex = binSemantic(e, sc))
        return ex;
    Expression e1x = resolveProperties(sc, e.e1);
    Expression e2x = resolveProperties(sc, e.e2);
    if (e1x.op == TOK.error)
        return e1x;
    if (e2x.op == TOK.error)
        return e2x;
    e.e1 = e1x;
    e.e2 = e2x;
    return null;
}

// entrypoint for semantic ExpressionSemanticVisitor
extern (C++) Expression expressionSemantic(Expression e, Scope* sc)
{
    scope v = new ExpressionSemanticVisitor(sc);
    e.accept(v);
    return v.result;
}

Expression semanticX(DotIdExp exp, Scope* sc)
{
    //printf("DotIdExp::semanticX(this = %p, '%s')\n", this, toChars());
    if (Expression ex = unaSemantic(exp, sc))
        return ex;

    if (exp.ident == Id._mangleof)
    {
        // symbol.mangleof
        Dsymbol ds;
        switch (exp.e1.op)
        {
        case TOK.scope_:
            ds = (cast(ScopeExp)exp.e1).sds;
            goto L1;
        case TOK.variable:
            ds = (cast(VarExp)exp.e1).var;
            goto L1;
        case TOK.dotVariable:
            ds = (cast(DotVarExp)exp.e1).var;
            goto L1;
        case TOK.overloadSet:
            ds = (cast(OverExp)exp.e1).vars;
            goto L1;
        case TOK.template_:
            {
                TemplateExp te = cast(TemplateExp)exp.e1;
                ds = te.fd ? cast(Dsymbol)te.fd : te.td;
            }
        L1:
            {
                assert(ds);
                if (auto f = ds.isFuncDeclaration())
                {
                    if (f.checkForwardRef(exp.loc))
                    {
                        return new ErrorExp();
                    }
                }
                OutBuffer buf;
                mangleToBuffer(ds, &buf);
                const s = buf.peekSlice();
                Expression e = new StringExp(exp.loc, buf.extractString(), s.length);
                e = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
                return e;
            }
        default:
            break;
        }
    }

    if (exp.e1.op == TOK.variable && exp.e1.type.toBasetype().ty == Tsarray && exp.ident == Id.length)
    {
        // bypass checkPurity
        return exp.e1.type.dotExp(sc, exp.e1, exp.ident, exp.noderef ? DotExpFlag.noDeref : 0);
    }

    if (exp.e1.op == TOK.dot)
    {
    }
    else
    {
        exp.e1 = resolvePropertiesX(sc, exp.e1);
    }
    if (exp.e1.op == TOK.tuple && exp.ident == Id.offsetof)
    {
        /* 'distribute' the .offsetof to each of the tuple elements.
         */
        TupleExp te = cast(TupleExp)exp.e1;
        auto exps = new Expressions(te.exps.dim);
        for (size_t i = 0; i < exps.dim; i++)
        {
            Expression e = (*te.exps)[i];
            e = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
            e = new DotIdExp(e.loc, e, Id.offsetof);
            (*exps)[i] = e;
        }
        // Don't evaluate te.e0 in runtime
        Expression e = new TupleExp(exp.loc, null, exps);
        e = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
        return e;
    }
    if (exp.e1.op == TOK.tuple && exp.ident == Id.length)
    {
        TupleExp te = cast(TupleExp)exp.e1;
        // Don't evaluate te.e0 in runtime
        Expression e = new IntegerExp(exp.loc, te.exps.dim, Type.tsize_t);
        return e;
    }

    // https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=14416
    // Template has no built-in properties except for 'stringof'.
    if ((exp.e1.op == TOK.dotTemplateDeclaration || exp.e1.op == TOK.template_) && exp.ident != Id.stringof)
    {
        exp.error("template `%s` does not have property `%s`", exp.e1.toChars(), exp.ident.toChars());
        return new ErrorExp();
    }
    if (!exp.e1.type)
    {
        exp.error("expression `%s` does not have property `%s`", exp.e1.toChars(), exp.ident.toChars());
        return new ErrorExp();
    }

    return exp;
}

// Resolve e1.ident without seeing UFCS.
// If flag == 1, stop "not a property" error and return NULL.
Expression semanticY(DotIdExp exp, Scope* sc, int flag)
{
    //printf("DotIdExp::semanticY(this = %p, '%s')\n", exp, exp.toChars());

    //{ static int z; fflush(stdout); if (++z == 10) *(char*)0=0; }

    /* Special case: rewrite this.id and super.id
     * to be classtype.id and baseclasstype.id
     * if we have no this pointer.
     */
    if ((exp.e1.op == TOK.this_ || exp.e1.op == TOK.super_) && !hasThis(sc))
    {
        if (AggregateDeclaration ad = sc.getStructClassScope())
        {
            if (exp.e1.op == TOK.this_)
            {
                exp.e1 = new TypeExp(exp.e1.loc, ad.type);
            }
            else
            {
                ClassDeclaration cd = ad.isClassDeclaration();
                if (cd && cd.baseClass)
                    exp.e1 = new TypeExp(exp.e1.loc, cd.baseClass.type);
            }
        }
    }

    Expression e = semanticX(exp, sc);
    if (e != exp)
        return e;

    Expression eleft;
    Expression eright;
    if (exp.e1.op == TOK.dot)
    {
        DotExp de = cast(DotExp)exp.e1;
        eleft = de.e1;
        eright = de.e2;
    }
    else
    {
        eleft = null;
        eright = exp.e1;
    }

    Type t1b = exp.e1.type.toBasetype();

    if (eright.op == TOK.scope_) // also used for template alias's
    {
        ScopeExp ie = cast(ScopeExp)eright;

        int flags = SearchLocalsOnly;
        /* Disable access to another module's private imports.
         * The check for 'is sds our current module' is because
         * the current module should have access to its own imports.
         */
        if (ie.sds.isModule() && ie.sds != sc._module)
            flags |= IgnorePrivateImports;
        if (sc.flags & SCOPE.ignoresymbolvisibility)
            flags |= IgnoreSymbolVisibility;
        Dsymbol s = ie.sds.search(exp.loc, exp.ident, flags);
        /* Check for visibility before resolving aliases because public
         * aliases to private symbols are public.
         */
        if (s && !(sc.flags & SCOPE.ignoresymbolvisibility) && !symbolIsVisible(sc._module, s))
        {
            if (s.isDeclaration())
                error(exp.loc, "`%s` is not visible from module `%s`", s.toPrettyChars(), sc._module.toChars());
            else
                deprecation(exp.loc, "`%s` is not visible from module `%s`", s.toPrettyChars(), sc._module.toChars());
            // s = null;
        }
        if (s)
        {
            if (auto p = s.isPackage())
                checkAccess(exp.loc, sc, p);

            // if 's' is a tuple variable, the tuple is returned.
            s = s.toAlias();

            exp.checkDeprecated(sc, s);
            exp.checkDisabled(sc, s);

            EnumMember em = s.isEnumMember();
            if (em)
            {
                return em.getVarExp(exp.loc, sc);
            }
            VarDeclaration v = s.isVarDeclaration();
            if (v)
            {
                //printf("DotIdExp:: Identifier '%s' is a variable, type '%s'\n", toChars(), v.type.toChars());
                if (!v.type ||
                    !v.type.deco && v.inuse)
                {
                    if (v.inuse)
                        exp.error("circular reference to %s `%s`", v.kind(), v.toPrettyChars());
                    else
                        exp.error("forward reference to %s `%s`", v.kind(), v.toPrettyChars());
                    return new ErrorExp();
                }
                if (v.type.ty == Terror)
                    return new ErrorExp();

                if ((v.storage_class & STC.manifest) && v._init && !exp.wantsym)
                {
                    /* Normally, the replacement of a symbol with its initializer is supposed to be in semantic2().
                     * Introduced by https://github.com/dlang/dmd/pull/5588 which should probably
                     * be reverted. `wantsym` is the hack to work around the problem.
                     */
                    if (v.inuse)
                    {
                        error(exp.loc, "circular initialization of %s `%s`", v.kind(), v.toPrettyChars());
                        return new ErrorExp();
                    }
                    e = v.expandInitializer(exp.loc);
                    v.inuse++;
                    e = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
                    v.inuse--;
                    return e;
                }

                if (v.needThis())
                {
                    if (!eleft)
                        eleft = new ThisExp(exp.loc);
                    e = new DotVarExp(exp.loc, eleft, v);
                    e = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
                }
                else
                {
                    e = new VarExp(exp.loc, v);
                    if (eleft)
                    {
                        e = new CommaExp(exp.loc, eleft, e);
                        e.type = v.type;
                    }
                }
                e = e.deref();
                return e.expressionSemantic(sc);
            }

            FuncDeclaration f = s.isFuncDeclaration();
            if (f)
            {
                //printf("it's a function\n");
                if (!f.functionSemantic())
                    return new ErrorExp();
                if (f.needThis())
                {
                    if (!eleft)
                        eleft = new ThisExp(exp.loc);
                    e = new DotVarExp(exp.loc, eleft, f, true);
                    e = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
                }
                else
                {
                    e = new VarExp(exp.loc, f, true);
                    if (eleft)
                    {
                        e = new CommaExp(exp.loc, eleft, e);
                        e.type = f.type;
                    }
                }
                return e;
            }
            if (auto td = s.isTemplateDeclaration())
            {
                if (eleft)
                    e = new DotTemplateExp(exp.loc, eleft, td);
                else
                    e = new TemplateExp(exp.loc, td);
                e = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
                return e;
            }
            if (OverDeclaration od = s.isOverDeclaration())
            {
                e = new VarExp(exp.loc, od, true);
                if (eleft)
                {
                    e = new CommaExp(exp.loc, eleft, e);
                    e.type = Type.tvoid; // ambiguous type?
                }
                return e;
            }
            OverloadSet o = s.isOverloadSet();
            if (o)
            {
                //printf("'%s' is an overload set\n", o.toChars());
                return new OverExp(exp.loc, o);
            }

            if (auto t = s.getType())
            {
                return (new TypeExp(exp.loc, t)).expressionSemantic(sc);
            }

            TupleDeclaration tup = s.isTupleDeclaration();
            if (tup)
            {
                if (eleft)
                {
                    e = new DotVarExp(exp.loc, eleft, tup);
                    e = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
                    return e;
                }
                e = new TupleExp(exp.loc, tup);
                e = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
                return e;
            }

            ScopeDsymbol sds = s.isScopeDsymbol();
            if (sds)
            {
                //printf("it's a ScopeDsymbol %s\n", ident.toChars());
                e = new ScopeExp(exp.loc, sds);
                e = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
                if (eleft)
                    e = new DotExp(exp.loc, eleft, e);
                return e;
            }

            Import imp = s.isImport();
            if (imp)
            {
                ie = new ScopeExp(exp.loc, imp.pkg);
                return ie.expressionSemantic(sc);
            }
            // BUG: handle other cases like in IdentifierExp::semantic()
            debug
            {
                printf("s = '%s', kind = '%s'\n", s.toChars(), s.kind());
            }
            assert(0);
        }
        else if (exp.ident == Id.stringof)
        {
            const p = ie.toString();
            e = new StringExp(exp.loc, cast(char*)p.ptr, p.length);
            e = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
            return e;
        }
        if (ie.sds.isPackage() || ie.sds.isImport() || ie.sds.isModule())
        {
            flag = 0;
        }
        if (flag)
            return null;
        s = ie.sds.search_correct(exp.ident);
        if (s)
            exp.error("undefined identifier `%s` in %s `%s`, did you mean %s `%s`?", exp.ident.toChars(), ie.sds.kind(), ie.sds.toPrettyChars(), s.kind(), s.toChars());
        else
            exp.error("undefined identifier `%s` in %s `%s`", exp.ident.toChars(), ie.sds.kind(), ie.sds.toPrettyChars());
        return new ErrorExp();
    }
    else if (t1b.ty == Tpointer && exp.e1.type.ty != Tenum && exp.ident != Id._init && exp.ident != Id.__sizeof && exp.ident != Id.__xalignof && exp.ident != Id.offsetof && exp.ident != Id._mangleof && exp.ident != Id.stringof)
    {
        Type t1bn = t1b.nextOf();
        if (flag)
        {
            AggregateDeclaration ad = isAggregate(t1bn);
            if (ad && !ad.members) // https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=11312
                return null;
        }

        /* Rewrite:
         *   p.ident
         * as:
         *   (*p).ident
         */
        if (flag && t1bn.ty == Tvoid)
            return null;
        e = new PtrExp(exp.loc, exp.e1);
        e = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
        return e.type.dotExp(sc, e, exp.ident, flag | (exp.noderef ? DotExpFlag.noDeref : 0));
    }
    else
    {
        if (exp.e1.op == TOK.type || exp.e1.op == TOK.template_)
            flag = 0;
        e = exp.e1.type.dotExp(sc, exp.e1, exp.ident, flag | (exp.noderef ? DotExpFlag.noDeref : 0));
        if (e)
            e = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
        return e;
    }
}

// Resolve e1.ident!tiargs without seeing UFCS.
// If flag == 1, stop "not a property" error and return NULL.
Expression semanticY(DotTemplateInstanceExp exp, Scope* sc, int flag)
{
    static if (LOGSEMANTIC)
    {
        printf("DotTemplateInstanceExpY::semantic('%s')\n", exp.toChars());
    }

    static Expression errorExp()
    {
        return new ErrorExp();
    }

    auto die = new DotIdExp(exp.loc, exp.e1, exp.ti.name);

    Expression e = die.semanticX(sc);
    if (e == die)
    {
        exp.e1 = die.e1; // take back
        Type t1b = exp.e1.type.toBasetype();
        if (t1b.ty == Tarray || t1b.ty == Tsarray || t1b.ty == Taarray || t1b.ty == Tnull || (t1b.isTypeBasic() && t1b.ty != Tvoid))
        {
            /* No built-in type has templatized properties, so do shortcut.
             * It is necessary in: 1024.max!"a < b"
             */
            if (flag)
                return null;
        }
        e = die.semanticY(sc, flag);
        if (flag)
        {
            if (!e ||
                isDotOpDispatch(e))
            {
                /* opDispatch!tiargs would be a function template that needs IFTI,
                 * so it's not a template
                 */
                return null;
            }
        }
    }
    assert(e);

    if (e.op == TOK.error)
        return e;
    if (e.op == TOK.dotVariable)
    {
        DotVarExp dve = cast(DotVarExp)e;
        if (FuncDeclaration fd = dve.var.isFuncDeclaration())
        {
            if (TemplateDeclaration td = fd.findTemplateDeclRoot())
            {
                e = new DotTemplateExp(dve.loc, dve.e1, td);
                e = e.expressionSemantic(sc);
            }
        }
        else if (OverDeclaration od = dve.var.isOverDeclaration())
        {
            exp.e1 = dve.e1; // pull semantic() result

            if (!exp.findTempDecl(sc))
                goto Lerr;
            if (exp.ti.needsTypeInference(sc))
                return exp;
            exp.ti.dsymbolSemantic(sc);
            if (!exp.ti.inst || exp.ti.errors) // if template failed to expand
                return errorExp();

            if (Declaration v = exp.ti.toAlias().isDeclaration())
            {
                if (v.type && !v.type.deco)
                    v.type = v.type.typeSemantic(v.loc, sc);
                return new DotVarExp(exp.loc, exp.e1, v)
                       .expressionSemantic(sc);
            }
            return new DotExp(exp.loc, exp.e1, new ScopeExp(exp.loc, exp.ti))
                   .expressionSemantic(sc);
        }
    }
    else if (e.op == TOK.variable)
    {
        VarExp ve = cast(VarExp)e;
        if (FuncDeclaration fd = ve.var.isFuncDeclaration())
        {
            if (TemplateDeclaration td = fd.findTemplateDeclRoot())
            {
                e = new TemplateExp(ve.loc, td)
                    .expressionSemantic(sc);
            }
        }
        else if (OverDeclaration od = ve.var.isOverDeclaration())
        {
            exp.ti.tempdecl = od;
            return new ScopeExp(exp.loc, exp.ti)
                   .expressionSemantic(sc);
        }
    }

    if (e.op == TOK.dotTemplateDeclaration)
    {
        DotTemplateExp dte = cast(DotTemplateExp)e;
        exp.e1 = dte.e1; // pull semantic() result

        exp.ti.tempdecl = dte.td;
        if (!exp.ti.semanticTiargs(sc))
            return errorExp();
        if (exp.ti.needsTypeInference(sc))
            return exp;
        exp.ti.dsymbolSemantic(sc);
        if (!exp.ti.inst || exp.ti.errors) // if template failed to expand
            return errorExp();

        if (Declaration v = exp.ti.toAlias().isDeclaration())
        {
            if (v.isFuncDeclaration() || v.isVarDeclaration())
            {
                return new DotVarExp(exp.loc, exp.e1, v)
                       .expressionSemantic(sc);
            }
        }
        return new DotExp(exp.loc, exp.e1, new ScopeExp(exp.loc, exp.ti))
               .expressionSemantic(sc);
    }
    else if (e.op == TOK.template_)
    {
        exp.ti.tempdecl = (cast(TemplateExp)e).td;
        return new ScopeExp(exp.loc, exp.ti)
               .expressionSemantic(sc);
    }
    else if (e.op == TOK.dot)
    {
        DotExp de = cast(DotExp)e;

        if (de.e2.op == TOK.overloadSet)
        {
            if (!exp.findTempDecl(sc) || !exp.ti.semanticTiargs(sc))
            {
                return errorExp();
            }
            if (exp.ti.needsTypeInference(sc))
                return exp;
            exp.ti.dsymbolSemantic(sc);
            if (!exp.ti.inst || exp.ti.errors) // if template failed to expand
                return errorExp();

            if (Declaration v = exp.ti.toAlias().isDeclaration())
            {
                if (v.type && !v.type.deco)
                    v.type = v.type.typeSemantic(v.loc, sc);
                return new DotVarExp(exp.loc, exp.e1, v)
                       .expressionSemantic(sc);
            }
            return new DotExp(exp.loc, exp.e1, new ScopeExp(exp.loc, exp.ti))
                   .expressionSemantic(sc);
        }
    }
    else if (e.op == TOK.overloadSet)
    {
        OverExp oe = cast(OverExp)e;
        exp.ti.tempdecl = oe.vars;
        return new ScopeExp(exp.loc, exp.ti)
               .expressionSemantic(sc);
    }

Lerr:
    exp.error("`%s` isn't a template", e.toChars());
    return errorExp();
}


/****************************************************
 * Determine if `exp`, which takes the address of `v`, can do so safely.
 * Params:
 *      sc = context
 *      exp = expression that takes the address of `v`
 *      v = the variable getting its address taken
 * Returns:
 *      `true` if ok, `false` for error
 */
private bool checkAddressVar(Scope* sc, UnaExp exp, VarDeclaration v)
{
    //printf("checkAddressVar(exp: %s, v: %s)\n", exp.toChars(), v.toChars());
    if (v)
    {
        if (!v.canTakeAddressOf())
        {
            exp.error("cannot take address of `%s`", exp.e1.toChars());
            return false;
        }
        if (sc.func && !sc.intypeof && !v.isDataseg())
        {
            const(char)* p = v.isParameter() ? "parameter" : "local";
            if (global.params.vsafe)
            {
                // Taking the address of v means it cannot be set to 'scope' later
                v.storage_class &= ~STC.maybescope;
                v.doNotInferScope = true;
                if (v.storage_class & STC.scope_ && sc.func.setUnsafe() && !(sc.flags & SCOPE.debug_))
                {
                    exp.error("cannot take address of `scope` %s `%s` in `@safe` function `%s`", p, v.toChars(), sc.func.toChars());
                    return false;
                }
            }
            else if (sc.func.setUnsafe() && !(sc.flags & SCOPE.debug_))
            {
                exp.error("cannot take address of %s `%s` in `@safe` function `%s`", p, v.toChars(), sc.func.toChars());
                return false;
            }
        }
    }
    return true;
}

/*******************************
 * Checks the attributes of a function.
 * Purity (`pure`), safety (`@safe`), no GC allocations(`@nogc`)
 * and usage of `deprecated` and `@disabled`-ed symbols are checked.
 *
 * Params:
 *  exp = expression to check attributes for
 *  sc  = scope of the function
 *  f   = function to be checked
 * Returns: `true` if error occur.
 */
private bool checkFunctionAttributes(Expression exp, Scope* sc, FuncDeclaration f)
{
    with(exp)
    {
        bool error = checkDisabled(sc, f);
        error |= checkDeprecated(sc, f);
        error |= checkPurity(sc, f);
        error |= checkSafety(sc, f);
        error |= checkNogc(sc, f);
        return error;
    }
}
